Passive Fire Protection and Tenmat.

Collage showing fire protection systems with the text: The Evolution of Passive Fire Protection.

Explore how Tenmat’s Advanced Intumescent Solutions and Materials have shaped the future of passive fire protection in modern-day construction.

As of 2024, the United States is home to 19,479 cities, towns, and villages – each containing an even greater number of communities. Now, each community can contain a multitude of different structures. Some contain bustling shopping malls, others are developing new multi-family complexes, certain ones include a wide range of various healthcare centers, and a number of them hold all the above and more.

Not one community is the exact same. But every community wants to protect the people and property within theirs. Therefore, whenever a community is getting a “face lift” or expanding internally or externally, life safety is the No.1 priority of the growing community.

To uphold this priority, communities need to prepare its redeveloping or new-construction buildings to withstand all potential disasters – especially the unexcepted ones.

The Beginning of Passive Fire Protection

Fire outbreaks have always been known to negatively impacted communities, especially when it comes to protecting properties and the lives within them. Over hundreds of years, countless safety measures have been put into place to fight off the potential damage of fires. From fire extinguishers to automated sprinkler systems, building code officials, construction professionals, and community members believed that they all their bases were covered.

However, this assumption was incorrect. Before 2006, unprotected openings were an unrecognized life safety hazard in many communities. These openings included openings created from recessed lights, in-ceiling loudspeakers, wires, cables, etc. Without being properly reinforced, these openings acted as a catalyst for the fire. Without these openings being improperly fire-rated, heat, smoke, and flames can spread rapidly throughout the building – endangering the integrity of the building and the lives of its occupants.

As a result of this discovery, the 2006 International Building Code adopted several building codes which required construction professionals to reinstate the fire-resistance rating of a wall, ceiling, or floor assembly. This is where we introduce the concept of passive fire protection.

Passive Fire Protection is the system which slows or prevents the spread of fire within a building – utilizing fire-rated materials and solutions to achieve this.  This system works by using fire-rated solutions, such as intumescent recessed light covers, to contain fire, heat, and smoke, by limiting heat and fire spread to a single compartment within the building.

Causing fires to become smaller and contained, passive fire protection (PFP) systems have the ability to increase the response time for first responders and provide additional evacuation time for the building’s occupants.

Tenmat’s POV: The Importance of Passive Fire Protection

Following the building code adoptions, construction professionals were seeking PFP solutions and materials that can resolve the unprotected openings within their design details. However, construction professionals struggled to find a fire-rated solution, which has been

  1. Properly tested and certified by an accredited third-party testing laboratory,
  2. Fitted to meet the design requirements of the application, and
  3. Engineered to be easily installed into a wide range of building types.

Dedicated to protecting the safety of present and future communities, Tenmat developed an adaptable form of passive fire protection technology, intumescents. With the release of this technology, construction professionals were now able to meet local building codes while simultaneously fulfilling their design concepts.

Through our manufacturing capability to produce intumescents, which offer various expansion rates and char production, Tenmat’s Advanced Intumescents can protect a wide range of unprotected openings.

With this versatility, our intumescents can be specified into a diverse range of unprotected openings. From ventilated air cavities in a rainscreen assembly to recessed fixtures in a fire-rated ceiling assembly, Tenmat’s Advanced Intumescent Materials and Solutions can reinforce the integrity of these fire-resistance rated assemblies.

Intumescents in Passive Fire Protection

As previously mentioned, our Intumescent Solutions and Materials can meet the design requirements + passive fire protection standards of a wide range of building types. To discover our capabilities for each popular building type, please explore our quick overview.

 

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Enforcing Life Safety + Passive Fire Protection

Even though, Tenmat’s Solutions and Materials evolved alongside modern construction – the visibility of passive fire protection in modern construction remains on the lower side. Admittedly, this lack of visibility remains valid, due to the extensive, ongoing list of safety measures code officials and construction professionals are required to memorize and specify.

On top of curating our wide range of Advanced Intumescent Solutions and Materials, Tenmat is dedicated to educating local building code officials and construction professionals about unprotected openings in numerous building types. To encourage these individuals to gain more knowledge about these life safety hazards, we offer free 1-1 educational webinars for anyone who may be interested.

Schedule Your Free Educational Webinar Here.

AIA Course: Intumescent Fire Block for Ventilated Rainscreen Systems

Safety Hazards for Unprotected Ceiling Openings

Final Remarks

As communities across the United States continue to grow and evolve, so too must the strategies used to protect them. Passive fire protection can no longer be a secondary consideration – it is one of key components in the foundation of our future infrastructures.

Here at Tenmat, our Advanced Intumescent Solutions and Materials have not only addressed a once-overlooked life safety hazard but have also redefined how unprotected openings are managed in fire-rated assemblies.

By combining innovation, rigorous testing, and practical design adaptability, Tenmat encourages architects, builders, and building code officials to meet today’s safety standards without compromising on design or functionality.

As we look forward to the future, Tenmat remains committed to advancing passive fire protection technologies and educating industry professionals about relevant building code adoptions – ensuring that every structure, in every community, is built with safety from its core.

Defending Inside and Out with Intumescents.

Hexagonal collage featuring fire safety devices, highlighting the external and internal uses of intumescents technology.

Discover how intumescents have transformed the use of passive fire protection, from a building’s foundation to its outermost structure.

Investigating Our Communities.

Walls, Ceilings, Ventilated Air Cavities – are the main assemblies where architects are required to specify passive fire protection solutions and materials. However, within these assemblies, the range of applications requiring passive fire protection is vast. From cable openings to in-ceiling loudspeakers to a ventilated air cavity in a modern façade application, building code requirements have been rapidly adopted to protect the lives and properties within our communities. But why are these applications requiring passive fire protection measures? Simply, any application that has an opening, whether it be surrounding it, underneath it, or above it, acts as a prime pathway for flames and heat to travel. With these exposed pathways, a building can be rapidly consumed by an active fire in a matter of minutes, hence the demand for passive fire protection.

As a result, traditional fireblocking methods have been adapted and specified into modern construction applications. However, problems arose. Even though, traditional passive fire protection meets stringent code regulations, construction professionals have other demands other than code compliance. Whether if it’s allowing the fire-rated solution to adapt to its surroundings or be fitted into nonstandard applications, these demands are critical to ensure code-compliant passive fire protection is specified – but, specified correctly.

Here at Tenmat, we specialize in an advanced form of passive fire protection technology, intumescents. Intumescents are known for their ability to expand rapidly when exposed to heat or flames. With this ability, intumescents are allowed to be designed in a multitude of shapes, dimensions, thicknesses, and most importantly, applications. With this type of technology, architects and developers can meet stringent code requirements while meeting their personal demands. Now, let’s explore how intumescents can meet the demands of the code and the application itself – both inside and out.

Specifying Intumescents Through and Through.

Let’s start with addressing where passive fire protection is required – but remains hidden from its occupants’ eyes. In the innerworkings of a building, there are entire systems of cables, pipes, and wires – however, these systems pose as a major threat to life safety. Anytime, one of these components runs through a floor, wall, or ceiling, the opening of the penetration becomes an easy access point for fires. Since this discovery, building codes have required passive fire protection to be implemented into these applications. In addition to its code compliance, these solutions and materials were expected to fit into both standard and nonstandard openings.

As a result, Tenmat introduced a line of advanced intumescent solutions, designed to meet all the firestopping demands for through-penetration applications. Designed with flexible, lightweight intumescent material, Tenmat’s Advanced Fire-Rated Solutions and Materials can be retrofitted into unprotected penetration openings, regardless of the size or dimensions of the opening. In addition, all these solutions have been tested by Underwriter Laboratories (UL), an accredited third-party testing facility.  Formulating a line of solutions, which are code-compliant and highly adaptable, Tenmat’s Advanced Passive Fire Protection Solutions are a top choice for architects and developers. To explore these solutions, click here.

“Uncovering” the Levels of Intumescents, Above and Below.

Now, that we discussed on how intumescents play a role in the foundation of our communities – let’s talk about where passive fire protection is a tad more visible. Look up at your current ceiling – doesn’t matter if you are at work, in school, shopping, out to eat. How many in-ceiling loudspeakers do you see? How many recessed light fixtures? Now, imagine each one of those recessed fixtures being a pathway for heat, smoke and flames. Shall we continue? In the event of a fire outbreak, these recessed fixtures, regardless of if it’s a light or loudspeaker, will diminish in a matter of minutes, leaving an access point for a fire to accelerate rapidly. To confront this issue, building codes such as Section 714 of the IBC, have been applied to reduce this hazard.

Traditional methods, such as fire-rated drywall boxes, were introduced to the construction landscape. However, problems such as lack of flexibility and installation consistency created additional labor costs and extended lead times for on-site contractors.

To resolve these issues, Tenmat introduced its line of Fire Rated Covers for Recessed Light Fixtures and In-Ceiling Loudspeakers. Engineered with adaptable, lightweight intumescent technology, Tenmat’s Fire Rated Enclosures can easily be placed on top of a large range of recessed fixtures, regardless of model or manufacturer. After installation, Tenmat’s Fire-Rated Covers reinstate the integrity of these openings – diminishing the acceleration of an active fire. With its technology, electrical and general contractors can easily install code-compliant passive fire protection technology without adding additional expenses in labor and materials. To learn more about Tenmat’s Fire Rated Covers, please click here.

Protecting the Cavity.

Finally, let’s take a step outside. Often, in new construction, we have been seeing an increase in the adoption of modern cladding applications. With its ability to generate positive benefits, such as increasing a building’s energy efficiency, maintaining water management while simultaneously appeasing the aesthetic eye – modern façades are the go-to construction practice. Unfortunately, its ventilated air cavity, the source of this practice’s major benefits, is a prime conduit for a fire outbreak. This cavity allows for heat, smoke, and flames to rapidly accelerate in a very short time – acting similarly to a “chimney”.  As a result, building code officials have implemented stringent building codes – requiring fireblocking within these cavities. Architects have specified traditional fireblocking into these cavities; however, these solutions end up fully blocking the cavity. With this type of positioning, the cavity is unable to meet its performance requirements of proper water management and air ventilation – defeating the purpose of its design.

Here at Tenmat, we have introduced a new concept to the modern façade industry – Intumescent Fireblocking. When triggered by heat, the intumescent will rapidly expand and create a tough char – containing the fire from spreading upwards. Therefore, Tenmat’s Intumescent Fireblocking is able to sit flush on one side of the cavity rather than placed across its entire length. With this functionality, Intumescent Fireblocking maintains the intended performance of the ventilated gap while only blocking it when needed. To explore the full capabilities of Tenmat’s Intumescent Fireblocking, please click here.

Applying it to Your Application.

From its foundation to its most outer parts, a building can hold a multitude of passive fire protection solutions and materials. However, when specifying passive fire protection, it’s important that these solutions comply with your application, not the other way around. To resolve this, simply incorporating intumescent materials and solutions, such as Tenmat’s, will allow you greater flexibility in your project’s design. As modern construction rapidly progresses, it’s critical to find passive fire protection solutions and materials, which can meet both compliance and compatibility.  To explore further expand your knowledge on intumescents in different construction practices, check out our application overview here.

Unblocking the Use of Intumescent Fireblocking in New York City.

Hexagons display intumescent fireblocking material with flames; text reads: Intumescent Fireblocking Receives NYC DOB Approval.

Tenmat’s Intumescent Fireblocking for Ventilated Rainscreen Systems Receives New York City DOB/OTCR Material Approval

New York, NY – April 14th,2025| Tenmat, a global leader in high-performance passive fire protection solutions and materials, is proud to announce that its intumescent fireblocking for ventilated rainscreen systems has received official material approval from the New York City Department of Buildings (DOB) and the Office of Technical Certification and Research (OTCR). This approval exemplifies Tenmat’s commitment to providing innovative, code-compliant fire protection technology for modern-day façade applications.

Until now, architects and specifiers have faced challenges when designing façade systems, in accordance with the new NYC Building Code. When specifying appropriate fireblocking, traditional methods often block ventilation and drainage – diminishing the advantages of façade applications. However, the recent development of Intumescent Fireblocking has addressed this issue.

With NYC’s DOB/OTCR approval, Tenmat’s Intumescent Fireblock material complies with the 2022 NYC Building Code Section 718.2.1 (item #8) when required in concealed spaces of exterior wall coverings as specified in accordance with BC 718.2.6.1. With the increasing emphasis on fire safety in new high-rise and commercial construction, this seal of approval enables architects, developers, and contractors to specify Tenmat’s fireblocking solutions with confidence.

“We are thrilled to receive this important acceptance letter from New York City DOB/OTCR,” said Marco Kristen, President at Tenmat. “This approval validates from the effectiveness of our intumescent fire block on preventing the spread of fire in ventilated rainscreen systems, a critical component of modern building envelope design.”

Under normal conditions, Tenmat’s rigid and highly expansive intumescent fire block enables the maintenance of an open ventilated cavity, preserving the energy conservation and building science benefits associated with cladding systems, while concurrently serving as a formidable fire barrier in the event of a building fire. Furthermore, this technology allows for ventilated rainscreen systems to operate at maximum capacity while performing and meeting fire safety standards. For more information about Tenmat’s intumescent fireblocking solutions and how they contribute to enhanced fire safety in ventilated rainscreen systems, contact Morgan Allen at 302-633-6600.

About Tenmat

For over 100 years, Tenmat has been a leader in the development, engineering and manufacturing of intumescent materials that offer advanced passive fire protection and fire blocking capabilities.

Tenmat offers a unique range of flexible, lightweight, and ready-to-use products and solutions for the most demanding firestopping applications. Our state-of-the-art, in-house R&D Laboratory and ISO 9001:2015 accredited production facilities have been developing and manufacturing technically superior passive fire protection products and intumescent materials for over 100 years. All Tenmat products have been fire-tested by independent third-party labs such as UL and Intertek. To learn more about Tenmat, click here

 

Inside the Intumescent.

A stack of expanding intumescent black material with text Inside the Intumescent displayed on a hexagon patterned background.

Explore the inner workings of the main component of Tenmat’s Advanced Passive Fire Protection Solutions and Materials – intumescent.

Passive Fire Protection – one of the main practices used to protect our developing communities. But why is passive fire protection important when it comes to protecting lives and properties? Whether you are developing a façade or a Type-VA multifamily structure, construction professionals are faced with a common life safety hazard – unprotected openings. When openings are left unprotected, they act as a “match to gasoline” in the acceleration of a fire outbreak.

To combat against these issues, building code officials have identified and implemented code regulations to reinstate the integrity of these unprotected openings with proper fire-resistance rated materials and solutions. In today’s construction industry, a wide range of materials are available to architects, developers, and contractors. However, we are going to focus on a technology that exceeds the expectations of passive fire protection: intumescent materials. So, let’s start with the No.1 question regarding this technology – what is an intumescent?

Introducing Intumescents.

An intumescent is a specialized material that reacts to heat or fire by rapidly expanding. Depending on the application’s requirements, it can expand up to 30 times its original size. The expansion pressure can be customized for specific uses or even modified to crush plastic pipework if desired. Once fully expanded, the intumescent forms a durable, solid char that effectively blocks the spread of fire, heat, and smoke for extended periods.

With its ability to activate when demanded, intumescents are integrated into some of the most complex applications, including ventilated rainscreen systems, through-penetration openings in walls and ceilings, and other high-risk spaces. This adaptability permits intumescents to becoming an essential component in modern fire protection.

Implementing and Installing Intumescents.

Over the last several decades, intumescents have been utilized across various industries and building types to reinforce life safety measures. Some of the most common applications include:

  • Fire-Rated Ceiling/Floor Assemblies
  • Fire-Rated Walls
  • Fire-Rated Doors
  • Plastic Pipes and Ducting
  • Electrical and Mechanical Penetrations
  • Structural Steel Protection

As a result of this adaptability, intumescent materials provide a reliable solution for construction professionals seeking to properly seal and reinforce unprotected openings. With its on-demand expansion, intumescents can be seamlessly integrated into fire-resistance, firestopping, and fireblocking systems, ensuring compliance with stringent building code regulations while maintaining the integrity of the building’s design.

Owning to its versatility, intumescents are specified across a diverse range of structures, from high-rise commercial buildings and industrial facilities to residential complexes and higher education institutions. Their versatility, combined with proven fire protection performance, makes them a critical component in safeguarding lives and property against fire hazards in the modern-day landscape.

Tenmat and Its Technology

Here at Tenmat, intumescent is the core component in all of our advanced passive fire protection solutions and materials. By incorporating this form of technology, Tenmat has the capability to develop high-performance solutions and materials, designed to meet the most rigorous and demanding applications. From formulating intumescent fire blocks to dome-shaped intumescent covers, Tenmat’s Advanced Intumescent Materials and Solutions showcase the benefits of reactive passive fire protection solutions, as opposed to a proactive solution.

For example, traditional firestopping products, such as mineral wool and sheet rock, are limited in movement – which is optimal in the scenario where the firestop does not need to change composure before AND during a fire. However, when installed in an opening that requires movement, such as a ventilated air cavity, traditional firestopping solutions pose negative effects.

To illustrate, let’s talk about a ventilated air cavity. With traditional mineral wool, its application would block off a portion of the air cavity – completely diminishing the benefits of a ventilated rainscreen. In the installation of intumescent fireblocking, such as specifying Tenmat’s FF102/50 Fire Block, the solution would be flushed with the cavity wall until an active fire, where the intumescent will then expand and solidify across the opening.  With this ability, Tenmat’s FF102/50 allows the cavity to maintain optimal performance and blocks the cavity when necessary. However, this is only one of the many scenarios on why Tenmat chooses intumescent as its main component in its Advanced Solutions and Materials.

Conclusion

As modern building codes continue to evolve, the demand for reliable, high-performance passive fire protection solutions continues to rise. Intumescents, with its unique ability to expand and adapt, plays a critical role in meeting these evolving safety standards. Its versatility allows it to effectively reinforce the integrity of both common and complex openings in our infrastructure, ensuring that flames, smoke, and heat are contained when it matters most.

As architects and construction professionals strive to design safer, more resilient buildings, intumescents will remain a cornerstone of passive fire protection. Whether used in high-rise developments, healthcare facilities, or K12 infrastructures, advanced intumescent materials and solutions, such as Tenmat’s, provides an unmatched combination of adaptability and performance. When it comes to passive fire protection, choose solutions, who have been tried and tested – specify Tenmat.

Meet the Ford of the Façades Industry: Intumescent Fire Blocks for Ventilated Rainscreen Assemblies.

A city skyline with “Tenmat Passive Fire Protection LINES INC” and an inset of a fire safety device in use.

Discover why intumescent technology is the prime fireblocking solution for the growing states of Michigan and Indiana.

Detroit. Indianapolis. Fort Wayne. Ann Arbor. Grand Rapids. All of these major Great Lake cities have three things in common: they 1) are rapidly expanding, due to population growth, 2) have adopted the construction application of ventilated rainscreen systems, and 3) have been required to eliminate the chimney effect in these open-state cavities.

In modern ventilated rainscreen applications, its interior gap allows for a multitude of sustainability benefits, such as proper air circulation and moisture dissipation; however, this open cavity is a highly accessible route for heat, flames and smoke to rapidly travel throughout the building, both horizontally and vertically. With this form of accessibility, a fire outbreak can consume an entire building in a short time span – permitting individuals from having a sufficient evacuation timeframe.

To resolve this critical hazard, both building code officials and passive fire protection manufacturers have partnered together to formulate effective solutions to block off the pathway of the fire. However, one of the major disadvantages of these solutions is that it’s positioning greatly affects the functionality purposes of a ventilated rainscreen system.  Traditionally, this technology seals off the cavity opening entirely, and when a fire occurs, it is compartmentalized by the technology. However, with the technology sealing off parts of the ‘open state’ cavity – the advantages of proper air circulation and moisture dissipation are nearly diminished.

Engineered with the latest in intumescent technology, Tenmat’s Ventilated Fire Blocks and Barriers are designed to allow for the full efficiency of air circulation and moisture dissipation in an open cavity – while providing the appropriate level of fireblocking. Intumescent technology is a material which reacts and expands aggressively when exposed to heat – allowing for gaps and changes in an opening – such as a ‘open state’ cavity in a ventilated rainscreen assembly. With this technology, we designed our fireblocking solutions to be compacted to the level, where it allows for the proper functionality of an open-air’ cavity and when activated by heat, expands far enough to seal off the entire cavity. To learn more about Tenmat’s Intumescent Blocks and Barriers, please click here.

In the efforts to provide the developing Great Lakes area with accessibility to the latest firestopping technology and the top performing building envelope solutions, Tenmat and Lines Inc. have converged a partnership to allow for this opportunity. With over 30 years in the field, Lines Inc. has deep expertise in architecture, design, and construction materials. Our extensive experience has led us to proudly represent exceptional product lines, ensuring that we bring the best to your projects and help your vision come to life.

Specializing in rainscreen systems with the following components:
  • Passive Fire Protection
  • Insulation
  • Cladding
  • Thermal Breaks
  • Balconies/canopies

To directly contact Lines Inc, please contact either Greg Schneider here or Dane Schneider here.

Playing with Fire? How to Select Your Perfect Fire-Rated Fit.

Text reads Making the Right Decisions in Passive Fire Protection with a red checkmark on a geometric background.

Navigate through the decision-making process of selecting appropriate passive fire protection with confidence.

Shaping the Ultimate Toolbox of PFP Solutions.

Passive Fire Protection – one of the most highly discussed topics in modern-day construction projects.  However, there are a multitude of questions that arise when discussing the implementation of passive fire protection into these projects. Whether you need to determine which form of passive fire protection you need to specify, or which material aligns with your demands, it is critical to identify the answers to these questions to ensure no timely delays or astronomical labor + material costs. To reduce the negative effects of not answering all the key questions, we composed a quick guide of the top five key questions to consider when specifying passive fire protection into your project.  Shall we kick things off?

Identifying the Application.

Constructing a new K12 library addition? Developing an elegantly designed modern façade structure? In new construction and redevelopment projects, there is always a demand for a proper passive fire protection system – the question is which one to specify?  Often, passive fire protection solutions and materials are implemented in the case, where an opening is left unprotected. This opening can be presented in a wall, ceiling, floor/ceiling assembly, ventilated air cavity, and so forth. To ensure your structure is properly fire rated, it is critical to check with your local building codes and review where passive fire protection are mandatory.

It’s important to note each application requires different forms of passive fire protection, due to numerous unprotected openings and building code standards varying on the structure’s purpose and classification. To provide clarity on where to begin in the decision process of selecting the appropriate passive fire protection solutions and materials, Tenmat offers a helpful resource on where we can direct you to the appropriate fire-rated solutions, depending on your chosen application. To view and use this tool, please click here.

Determining the Best Material for Your Project.

With the construction landscape demanding ongoing improvements in PFP technology, manufacturers have developed and presented multiple versions of firestopping solutions and materials. As a result, it is imperative to decide which material composition works best for your application. For example, in a ventilated rainscreen cavity, a material which can meet the demands of both the cavity’s performance levels and stringent building code regulations – is critical to the outcome of the project’s success. If you specify a fire-rated solution not appropriate for the application itself, it can jeopardize the functionality of the structure itself, the integrity of the fire-rating as time passes, and the lead times + costs of an active project.

To determine which material is ideal for your structure, it is important to properly research how each material performs in the circumstance of an active fire. Adding on, it is vital to also ensure the material + solution was properly fire tested and certified by a third-party testing facility – verifying the material’s integrity. However, the composition of the material itself isn’t the only element that needs to be accounted for. Let’s explore further on how solution’s composition plays a significant role further into the decision-making process.

Meeting Your Fixture’s Requirements.

In addition to a solution’s material composition, it is ideal to review what type of opening the solution will be protecting. Whether it be an unprotected ceiling opening caused by an in-ceiling loudspeaker or an unprotected wall penetration from an optical cable, it is ideal to assess on which solution will effectively reinforce the opening. In the current landscape, available fire-rated solutions and materials are very specific on what openings they can protect – which is ideal to an extent.  However, we often find these solutions are so detailed – to the point, they can only cater to certain manufacturers and/or brands.

To avoid this issue, Tenmat has formulated its advanced passive fire protection solutions and materials to meet the standards of a diverse range of applications – while standardizing our products to meet various manufacturers and models of fixtures. With its ability to be activated by heat, our intumescent technology can meet a multitude of demands, whether it be the designated unprotected opening, the sizing of the opening, or the type of fixture presented – regardless of model or manufacturer.

Compliance with Building Code Standards + Regulations.

When specifying passive fire protection, one of the most arguably important factors is the solution’s ability to meet the required building code regulations. With each application, the standards of passive fire protection vary. For example, the level of passive fire protection for a healthcare facility will contrast differently than the level required in a new construction multi-family.   Hence, it is critical to properly research on if your fire-rated solution can properly upload the fire rating standard, whether it be a one-hour rating or two.

To follow up from the previous statement regarding the selection of properly tested and certified fire-rated solutions, let’s get into why this is important. When specifying passive fire protection into your project, it is imperative that these solutions are protecting the lives and properties in our communities – not just stating it. To solidify its capability in protection, these solutions undergone these tests to see it can withstand the conditions of a real fire outbreak. As a result, building code regulations explicitly rely on these properly tested and certified solutions to safeguard our present and future communities.

Installation & Integration.

Now, that we covered all aspects of the fire-rated solution itself – let’s talk about the installation of the solution. Often, installation of passive fire protection tends to be one of the last considerations in the selection of the decision-making process; however, it is critical. Whether you are implementing fire-rated solutions in new construction and redevelopment projects, installing a labor-heavy and/or expensive solution can be damper on any job. Therefore, it is ideal to research and invest in the most cost-effective solution for your project. For example, if you need to install a fire-rated solution in a pre-existing ceiling, it would be favorable to specify a fire-rated solution, such as Tenmat’s Fire-Rated Covers which can easily be installed into the ceiling. If you were to go forward with a solution, whereas you need to bring down the ceiling, such as a traditional drywall box, it would eventually lengthen the time of the project and cost you high amounts in both material + labor costs. Furthermore, it is extremely important to consider the installation process of your fire-rated solutions and materials.

Closing the Door on Doubt.

Selecting the right passive fire protection for your project is not just about compliance—it’s about ensuring safety, efficiency, and long-term reliability. By understanding your application, choosing the best material, meeting fixture requirements, adhering to building codes, and considering installation logistics, you can confidently navigate the complexities of fire-rated solutions. At Tenmat, we are committed to providing high-performance passive fire protection products that align with your specific project needs. Whether you’re specifying solutions for a large-scale development or a specialized retrofit, our expertise and innovative materials are here to support you every step of the way.

Ready to take the next step in fire safety? Explore our comprehensive range of fire-rated solutions and find the perfect fit for your application today. Click Here to Learn More.

“Reconstruct” the Way You Do PFP.

Text reads Passive Fire Protection in Reconstruction with building, pool, and construction material images.

Explore the process of specifying appropriate passive fire protection solutions into active and future reconstruction projects.

Opening Up the Floor.

In the modern world of construction, we always discuss the latest practices and technological innovations for new construction – so, what about pre-existing buildings? From preserving historical structures to repurposing outdated buildings, redevelopment projects have become an increasing trend in the landscape. However, construction professionals are facing a huge challenge – specifying appropriate passive fire protection systems into these modernized infrastructures – especially when it comes to relighting renovations and audio additions.

To address this growing safety issue, Tenmat will be reviewing the following in this article:

  • The purpose of implementing passive fire protection, and how it coordinates with previously installed active fire protection systems,
  • Why passive fire protection is essential when renewing the lighting and/or audio systems in pre-existing buildings, and the
  • Key strategies and common mistakes that arise when specifying passive fire protection in ceiling upgrades and renovations.

By examining the purpose, benefits, and key strategies of specifying passive fire protection, this discussion aims to equip construction professionals with the insights needed to enhance safety and efficiency in relighting renovations and beyond. Let’s dive into the essential considerations that will allow our present and future buildings to provide true peace of mind for their occupants.

Understanding the Balance of Passive and Active.

Often, when curating the plans and specifications for new construction projects, architectural engineers ensure all 1) building code regulations are properly met, and 2) the appropriate technology and/or solutions are accurately installed. However, if you are a member of the construction landscape, you understand the turnaround of amending building regulations – an almost everyday occurrence. Therefore, it is fairly common that when remodeling a pre-existing building, parts of the structure aren’t aligned with the current version of the building code. Due to this typical complication, the project’s construction team will need to update the structure to meet the current building code requirements – especially when it comes to life safety.

Regardless of whether you are standing present-day in a late 19th century or 21st century building, you will be able to easily detect standard, updated active fire protection systems, such as fire sprinkler systems and fire extinguishers. On the other hand, the rapid adoption of various passive fire protection requirements creates a high level of difficulty for recently built infrastructures to even meet the most up-to-date code. Therefore, it is critical to ensure that these passive fire protection systems are updated properly when a pre-existing building is experiencing a remodel.

Why Does It Matter.

Why? Well, it resides with one the main reasons on why we specify passive fire protection systems in the first place – the safety of lives and property. Often, during remodeling projects, a variety of                 violations of the fire code arise; however, there is one single safety issue that flies under the radar– unprotected ceiling openings. Intermittently, architects and developers tend to be unfamiliar with or overlook Section 714.5.2 of the 2021 IBC, which addresses the significance of properly fire rating unprotected ceiling openings. When installed into a fire-resistance rated ceiling/floor assembly, recessed ceiling fixtures, whether it be a lighting or audio, allows a clear pathway for an active fire to travel. When exposed to the high temperatures of a fire for several minutes, the ceiling fixture is reduced to nothing – allowing heat, flames, and smoke to rapidly accelerate throughout a building.

To tackle this life safety hazard, modern day architects have begun specifying proper passive fire protection measures to certify that these openings are sealed properly, and the assembly’s integrity is reinstated. Alas, this reinstatement process has only been regulated into modern-day construction – which opens the concern surrounding relighting renovations in prior existing infrastructures. In these relighting projects, contractors are being faced with the task to reinforce the ceiling’s unprotected openings. So, how would a contractor go about rectifying this life safety hazard?

Key Tools to Successful Relighting Projects.

When determining your initial steps to confirm the integrity of your fire-rated ceiling, you need to detect if your ceiling needs to be properly fire-rated. As previously stated, it is common for contractors to not recognize the demand for passive fire protection for in-ceiling fixtures – especially if there isn’t any current passive fire protection present. Therefore, it is extremely critical to review your project’s plan and the International Building Code to determine if your relighting project will need a proper passive fire protection system. After this determination, it is critical to select the most appropriate fire-rated solution for the project itself. To name some of criteria to ponder in this selection is:

  • Does the fire-rated solution align with the stringent building code requirements in the Internation Building Code?
  • Has the fire-rated solution been properly tested and certified by an accredited third-party laboratory?
  • Will the installation of this solution meet the project’s personal demands, such as expected lead times and retrofitting demands?

When deciding on which fire-rated solution you will specify into your project, it is important to recognize if the solution can be installed into a pre-existing ceiling. Majority of fire-rated solutions, such as traditional fire-rated drywall boxes, are unable to installed into a pre-existing ceiling – adding major delays in project lead times and astronomical labor costs. Here at Tenmat, we have acknowledged these universal complications and have designed a line of fire-rated solutions to meet not only the building code; but, the demand of the individuals, who will be specifying and installing these solutions. Explore the benefits of choosing Tenmat’s Fire Rated Covers for relighting upgrades in pre-existing ceilings below:

Passive Fire Protection for Recessed Lighting Fixtures.

  • Universally, pre-existing buildings are looking to decrease their monthly energy costs – opting in for energy-efficient light fixtures. Some of the popular lighting fixtures used to complete this request include LED downlight wafers and troffer luminaires. At Tenmat, we have formulated a line of fire-rated enclosures to properly fire rate either an LED downlight or troffer. Understanding that these solutions will need to be placed into a pre-existing ceiling, Tenmat’s Fire Rated Covers for LED downlights and troffer luminaires can easily be retrofitted into the ceiling. To further explore this fire-rated technology, please click here.

Passive Fire Protection for In-Ceiling Loudspeakers.

  • As interior ambience and environment become an essential part of modern-day design, implementing in-ceiling loudspeakers have been a common upgrade in commercial spaces. However, the installation of these loudspeakers does expose the integrity of the fire-rated ceiling’s composition. Engineered to be retrofitted into a pre-existing ceiling, Tenmat’s FF109-FRSC 1 Hr. Fire Rated Speaker Cover is tailored to fire rate a wide range of in-ceiling loudspeakers, regardless of manufacturer or model. To learn more about the FF109-FRSC and its additional benefits, please click here.
If you any additional questions about Tenmat’s technology, please feel free to contact us.

Common Mistakes in Relighting Projects.

With a clear vision on how an individual should proceed when working with passive fire protection in ceilings, it’s time to address some of the common mistakes one can face during installation. One of the most common mistakes during relighting upgrades is failing to maintain the integrity of specified fire-rated solutions. Cutting through fire-resistant ceilings to install new lighting fixtures or in-ceiling loudspeakers often leads to gaps or penetrations that are not properly sealed afterward. This oversight can significantly compromise the compartmentation of a building, allowing smoke and fire to spread more rapidly in an emergency. Contractors may also use incorrect materials for sealing penetrations, such as non-rated sealants, which do not meet fire protection standards. Ensuring that all penetrations are sealed with tested and approved fire-stopping systems is critical to maintaining the fire-resistance rating of the structure. To avoid this common issue, all Tenmat’s Fire-Rated Solutions do not require any additional tools or materials upon installation.

Still and all, there is one last major mistake that curates an improper fire-rated resistance ceiling– specifying improperly fire tested and certified products and materials. Repeatedly, contractors and specifiers have failed to recognize the difference between a solution that holds a proper vs. improper fire rating. For a solution to uphold a proper fire rating, the solution needs to undergo proper testing and certification from an accredited third-party testing facility, such as UL and Intertek. To review a product’s testing and certification, simply visit the manufacturer’s website, and review the solution’s listing, test report, or certification. If you are unable to locate the certification or questioning the authenticity of the certification, you can visit one of the national and international acclaimed independent third-party testing laboratories, such as Underwriter Laboratories (UL) or Intertek, and verify the solution’s testing. If you are unable to find the proper certification, the “fire-rated solution” is not properly fire tested. All of Tenmat’s Fire Rated Covers are properly tested and certified testing laboratories, such as UL and Intertek.

Conclusion

To wrap up this entire article into one statement, passive fire protection is a critical and often overlooked aspect of relighting renovations in existing buildings. As urban infrastructure evolves and renovation projects become more common practice, ensuring the safety of both the structure and its occupants must remain a top priority. Properly specifying and installing fire-rated solutions is essential for preserving the integrity of fire-resistance rated assemblies, particularly in ceiling upgrades that are often subject to unprotected openings caused by recessed lights and in-ceiling loudspeakers. By understanding the importance of both curating a cohesive fire protection system that incorporates both passive and active fire protection, construction professionals can not only comply with current building codes but also enhance the overall safety of redevelopment projects.

 

Avoiding common mistakes—such as failing to properly seal penetrations, using untested materials, and neglecting to verify fire ratings—can significantly reduce risks and ensure compliance with the latest safety standards. By taking the time to select high-quality, certified fire-rated products, like Tenmat’s Fire Rated Covers, construction teams can streamline the installation process, reduce delays, and ultimately provide greater peace of mind for building occupants. As the industry continues to innovate, combining modern technologies with reliable, passive fire protection will remain a cornerstone in ensuring the safety and longevity of both existing and future buildings.

Finding the Perfect Fit in Façades.

Logos for Tenmat and Blue Line Building Products over a cityscape with a fire image in a red location marker.

Tenmat announces partnership with Midwest Architectural Rep, Blue Line Building Products.

With the recent surge of US energy conservation code requirements, a vast amount of new construction projects have adopted the practice of ventilated rainscreen systems into their developing projects. With its wide range of energy efficient capabilities, ventilated rainscreen assemblies are an attractive, newly found construction practice – which has been rapidly adopted from all over the country. Unfortunately, this construction method produces a critical life safety hazard – the chimney effect.

In normal conditions, the ‘open state’ cavity allows for the structure to have proper ventilation and improvement in the overall building’s energy efficiency. However, in the event of a fire outbreak, this open void allows for the heat, flames, and smoke to travel vertically and horizontally throughout the structure – at an accelerated pace. As a result, recent building code adoptions have implemented a fireblocking requirement to eliminate this life safety hazard – protecting the lives and properties within our communities.

As a response, numerous forms of fireblocking technology have been developed to meet recent building code adoptions and resolve the issue of the chimney effect. However, a majority of these fireblocking solutions seal off the internal cavity of the assembly– which diminishes air ventilation, increases moisture dissipation, and decreases the building’s overall energy efficiency.

At Tenmat, we specialize in the development and manufacturing of intumescent technology – allowing us to meet the demands of construction professionals, based on application, thicknesses, shape, expansion rate and char formation after heat interaction. An intumescent is a material which reacts and expands aggressively when exposed to heat. In addition, this technology is designed to react and expand to fill all the gaps and changes in an opening, and therefore, can maintain a high-performance fire barrier for an extended duration. With this type of technology, it allows the construction application to shape a fireblocking solution to accommodate its demands rather than the opposing.

In the effort to protect growing communities and offer the latest in fireblocking technology, such as the Midwest, Tenmat has partnered with the architectural representative, Blue Line Building Products. With their dedication to finding the right product for the right applications, Blue Line BP offers the highest quality building envelope products and design-assist services in the rapidly growing Midwest.

Specialties Include:

  • Faux Wood Façades
  • Composite Stone
  • High Density Fiber Cement
  • HPL Panel Systems
  • Metal Panels
  • Porcelain Façades
  • Architectural Mesh

To contact Blue Line Building Products directly, please contact Matt Martino.

Truth or Smoke?

White smoke swirls on a gray background with red text reading “Truth or Smoke?” underlined in red.

Uncover some of the most common misconceptions surrounding the rapidly adopted practice of passive fire protection.

The Progression of Building Code Adoptions and Enforcement of Passive Fire Protection

Known for its rapid development and expansion, the landscape of construction is consistently introducing new applications and practices to the modern world. Currently, one of the popular conservations in this industry is the specification and implementation of various passive fire protection systems. With its rapid adoption, there have been some distortion around the practice of passive fire protection – ranging from the practice itself to its associated solutions.

With the lack of clarity about the practice of passive fire protection, a range of negative issues have arisen. From the inability to meet stringent lead times, gaining additional costs in both materials and labor, and jeopardizing the safety of our communities, the lack of correct procedures for passive fire protection has a high potential to be disastrous. To avoid these undesirable outcomes, Tenmat is ready to bust some of the most common myths of passive fire protection. So, let’s bring some clarification into the construction landscape.

Myth #1: If your solution has been fire-tested and -certified for two hours, this solution can be specified into a one-hour fire rated assembly.

False. This common misconception that a two-hour fire rated solution can be implemented into a one-hour fire rated assembly is one of the most confusing. So, why can’t a two-hour fire rated solution be used in a one-hour fire rated application? Well, it can be – BUT the solution needs to be tested and certified in both a one-hour AND two-hour fire rated assembly. When a solution is tested in a two-hour fire test, the solution relies on the composition of the two-hour assembly to provide resistance to the fire outbreak – meaning the solution and assembly cohesively work together to prevent the spread of a fire. Therefore, in the instance, you place a two-hour rated solution (without additional testing) into a one-hour fire rated assembly, there is a chance that the solution and assembly will not work cohesively together – increasing the chances of a failed passive fire protection system.

Myth #2: Given that a solution is composed of a known fire-resistant material, the entire solution automatically holds a fire-resistance rating.

Incorrect. Every fire-rated solution needs to undergo proper testing and certification from a third-party testing laboratory, such as UL and Intertek. Regardless of the solution being composed of noncombustible elements, such as metal, it does not mean that the solution will meet the requirements of the fire-resistance rated assembly. When a fire-resistance rating is granted, it does not only measure the individual components – but the overall performance of the entire assembly during an active fire outbreak.

Adding on to our previous point, fire-resistant assemblies are specifically tested in their ability to contain a fire outbreak while maintaining its structural integrity throughout this period. Therefore, ALL of the components within the system need to meet the performance standards – not just one of the components. Even if only one of the components don’t meet the fire testing standards – it has the ability to compromise the whole assembly.  Interested in seeing if your fire-rated solution has been properly tested and certified? Check out its listing at Underwriter Laboratories or Intertek.

Myth #3: On the condition that you specified an active fire protection system in your redevelopment or new construction project, you do not need any additional fire protection systems.

Inaccurate. Previously discussed in our blog, Defining Fire Protection: Understanding the Importance of the Three Pillars, all three pillars of fire protection need to be present when specifying fire protection in construction projects. Whether it is the element of detection, control, or containment, each pillar is needed to fulfill the shortcomings of the other two pillars. With this system, it permits any errors arising if one portion of the system fails – allowing for true peace of mind.

Therefore, it is critical that your redevelopment or new construction job specifies the proper level of detection, passive fire protection and active fire protection. If you are interested in learning more about the three pillars, please read our previous blog, Defining Fire Protection: Understanding the Importance of the Three Pillars.

Myth #4: Passive fire protection systems are implemented in only Type V-A wood-frame structures.

Untrue. Passive fire protection can be found in a multitude of different building construction types and practices, such concrete K12 structures, high-rise steel infrastructures, Type V-A multifamily complexes, and so much more.  Therefore, it is safe to assume that a vast majority of building types require a certain level of passive fire protection. However, it is important to note that each passive fire protection solution/material is exclusively designed for a particular assembly. For example, a passive fire protection solution that has been designed to reinforce the integrity of a drywall ceiling in a Type V-A multifamily infrastructure might not fit the criteria for a through-penetration opening in a steel high-rise building, unless it is also tested for this application.   Furthermore, it is necessary to review your solution’s testing and design standards to ensure it is applicable for your desired construction type.

To help guide construction professionals on the correct pathway of selecting the appropriate passive fire protection systems, Tenmat has created various resource pages for some of the leading construction sectors. To view our application overview, please click here.

Myth #5: In the case, my fire-rated solution has accredited laboratory testing and certifications, it can be implemented into any application, regardless of the building structure or composition.

The previous statement is incorrect. In order for your fire-tested solution to meet the performance requirements of the designated fire-resistant assembly, it needs to have proper testing and certification for that particular assembly. For example, you wouldn’t have a painter working on the plumbing in your house. Therefore, to avoid this issue during construction, it is vital that you ensure your fire-rated product has been properly tested and certified in accordance with your desired assembly. For your convenience, you can review this information at either Underwriter Laboratories or Intertek.

All of Tenmat’s Fire-Rated Products and Materials Approved Assemblies can easily be located on each product page. If you are unable to locate these certifications, please feel free to contact us at +1-800-821-3436 or email us at info@tenmatusa.com.

Fire Protection Myths Busted – Here’s What It Means for You.

In this article, we have seen how complex the world of passive fire protection is, with various myths and misconceptions floating around that can easily be misinterpreted.  As we debunked these misinterpretations, it is imperative that relaying on assumptions about fire-resistance ratings or overlooking the functionality of a passive fire protection system can lead to serious consequences, from increase construction costs to compromised life safety. However, we were able to clarify some of the most prevalent myths surrounding passive fire protection, and illustrate on why accurate testing, certification, and specifications are critical to protecting our present and future communities.

Understanding the demand for comprehensive fire protection is essential – not only do active systems, such as fire alarms and sprinklers play a role, but passive fire protection systems are just as vital in the containment and control of a fire outbreak. By shedding some light on these misconceptions, we hope construction experts are able to provide our communities with a full-proof fire protection system in our developing communities. For additional resources or questions, please feel free to contact our team at +1-800-821-3436 or email us at info@tenmatusa.com.

Defining Fire Protection: Understanding the Importance of the Three Pillars.

Text Defining Fire Protection over flames and images of fire safety equipment in the background.

Discover how the pillars of Detection, Control and Containment work cohesively to protect the lives and properties in our communities.

What is Fire Protection?

Did you know that the practice of fire protection is more than just specifying a sprinkler system or installing smoke detectors throughout a facility? Defined by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), fire protection is defined as “methods of providing for fire control or fire extinguishment”. As previously stated, there are a variety of moving parts in the definition of fire protection; therefore, it is critical to fully comprehend all of the pieces to the puzzle of fire protection. Fire protection is composed of three different segments: Detection, Control, and Containment. Each of these segments are important independently; however, the cohesion of all three segments are essential when creating an optimal fire protection system. Furthermore, let’s explore deeper on the significance of each pillar’s role in a fire protection system and how they work interconnectedly to protect the lives and properties within our communities.

Detect and Alert: The Pillar of Detection

In a general sense, most individuals are familiar with the installation of smoke detectors, whether it is in a residential or commercial setting. However, are you familiar with the staggering benefit of implementing a smoke detector? Since being introduced in the 1960s, smoke detectors have dropped home fire deaths by nearly 50%. Now, while smoke detectors play a key role in the pillar of Detection, there is a greater depth to this pillar. The pillar of Detection is the first moving part in a fire protection system, due to its ability to alert occupants of the initial stages of an active fire. Whether the source of the alert is through a smoke detector or a fire alert system, these technologies allow for a lengthen evacuation period – allowing for occupants to get a head start on exiting the building safely. In addition to the extended evacuation period, these systems alert local first responders about an active fire– permitting a faster response rate to the outbreak. In addition to the previously mentioned key components of Detection, the following:

Key Functions Include:

  • Swift Evacuation: Early warnings facilitate prompt evacuation, significantly reducing the risk of injury or death.
  • Minimize Property Damage: Detecting fires early helps prevent them from spreading, nearly diminishing the chances of property damage.
  • Continuous Monitoring: Fire and smoke detectors provide 24/7 surveillance, crucial in places where fires could occur during non-operational hours.

Because of its key functions, the pillar of Detection plays a pivotal role in a fire protection system; however, it is not the only vital piece in a fire protection system.

Taming the Flames: The Pillar of Control

Early stages of fire protection, such as the pillar of detection, play a vital role in keeping our communities safe; however, how does fire protection play a role in controlling the fire outbreak itself? One of the most widely recognized forms of fire protection are found within the pillar of Control, fire sprinkler systems and fire extinguishers. Fire sprinklers and fire extinguishers are a key component in controlling the fire itself – no matter if you are dealing with a small cooking fire or a large electrical-based fire. Often, these systems are activated by heat, smoke, or flame, permitting them to be activated during the early stages of a fire outbreak. As a result, this technology is able to produce a ~96% effectiveness rate in fire control. With the implementation of these systems, it allows for a wide range of benefits which include:

Main Benefits Include:

  • Reaction Time: For individuals who need an extended evacuation period, these systems are able to extinguish the fire in a matter of minutes – allowing for a prolonged evacuation period.
  • Scale of Fire: No matter how small or big the fire is, these systems will be able to diminish the fire in a timely manner.
  • Reduced Smoke Inhalation: By controlling the fire early, these installations can minimize the production of smoke and toxic gases, which are often more than dangerous than the flame themselves.

Even though this element of fire protection is universally acknowledged, it is crucial to ensure these systems are updated in current structures and implemented correctly into new construction projects, regardless of if the buildings are commercial or residential. If these systems are not properly maintained, there will be a breach of life safety in that particular community.

The Hidden Guardian of Life Safety: The Pillar of Containment.

So far, we have discussed the detection and controlling of a fire outbreak. But let’s paint a scenario. What if occupants ignore a smoke detector alarm because it randomly goes off throughout the day, or what if there is a malfunction in a fire sprinkler system? How do we protect the lives and properties in these cases? Here we introduce the hidden component, the pillar of Containment. Within the pillar of Containment, the practice of passive fire protection was developed with the purpose of slowing and preventing the spread of fire within a building through the use of fire rated materials. Often, we see a rapid acceleration in the spread of fire when given the accessibility to unprotected building openings, ranging from holes caused by recessed light fixtures, openings in cable trays, exterior cavities, and so much more. In order to compartmentalize the spread of flames and smoke, specifying properly fire tested and certified solutions in these openings greatly diminishes the development of a fire outbreak. With the specification of passive fire protection, its

Core Strengths Include:

  • Back-Up Plan: In the event where a sprinkler system or a smoke detector fails, passive fire protection steps in to contain the fire outbreak.
  • No Additional Steps: When a fire is activated, these devices are automatically deployed by the rise in temperature, allowing for openings to be sealed off before smoke and fire can travel elsewhere.
  • Extension for First Responders: With the fire properly contained, first responders have an extended response time – permitting a greater loss in lives and property.

Regardless of its strong benefits, the pillar of Containment tends to be the lesser-known form of fire protection. One of the primary reasons is that its solutions are integrated during renovation and new construction projects, often hidden within the building’s ceiling, wall and floor assemblies. Nonetheless, the pillar of Containment plays an equally critical role in a fire protection system, such as the pillars of Detection and Control – even though, it tends to function primarily in the background.

Completing the Full Circle of Fire Protection.

Detection. Control. Containment. With the presence of each of these pillars, our communities will be properly safeguarded from the tragic effects of a fire outbreak. To achieve this level of protection, it is critical that each component is properly integrated into both current and future construction developments. By doing so, we establish a proper framework that not only prevents fire outbreaks but also minimizes their potential damage, creating a safer community.

If you are interested in learning more about passive fire protection’s role in the pillar of Containment, schedule a free 1-1 training session with Tenmat’s Mirka Carlson. To schedule your session, please click here.

 

Sources

Benefits of installing a fire and Smoke Detector System. Kimble & Company. (2024, September 5). https://www.kimblefire.com/benefits-of-installing-a-fire-and-smoke-detectorsystem/#:~:text=Fire%20and%20smoke%20detection%20systems%20are%20vital%20for,essential%20for%20saving%20lives%20and%20reducing%20property%20damage.

Fire containment. International Firestop Council. (2024, August 23). https://firestop.org/fire-containment/

Fire, I. (2024, August 7). Active vs. Passive Fire Protection Systems. Impact Fire Services, LLC. https://resources.impactfireservices.com/active-vs.-passive-fire-protection-systems-the-basics-you-need-to-know

Gollner, M. J. (2016, June 23). Detection and suppression of fires: A cornerstone of Fire Protection Engineering – Fire Technology. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-016-0606-2

NFPA glossary of terms (2021) free PDF download. nfpa.org. (2021). https://www.nfpa.org/downloadable-resources/definitions/nfpa-glossary-of-terms-2021

What is passive fire protection?. Fire Protection Association. (2023, June 30). https://www.thefpa.co.uk/advice-and-guidance/advice-and-guidance-articles/what-is-passive-fire-protection-

Wood, L. (2020, December 2). Basic fundamentals of fire protection. Safenetix. https://www.safenetix.com/2020/12/01/fire-protection-fundamentals/