“Reconstruct” the Way You Do PFP.

Explore the process of specifying appropriate passive fire protection solutions into active and future reconstruction projects.

Opening Up the Floor.

In the modern world of construction, we always discuss the latest practices and technological innovations for new construction – so, what about pre-existing buildings? From preserving historical structures to repurposing outdated buildings, redevelopment projects have become an increasing trend in the landscape. However, construction professionals are facing a huge challenge – specifying appropriate passive fire protection systems into these modernized infrastructures – especially when it comes to relighting renovations and audio additions.

To address this growing safety issue, Tenmat will be reviewing the following in this article:

  • The purpose of implementing passive fire protection, and how it coordinates with previously installed active fire protection systems,
  • Why passive fire protection is essential when renewing the lighting and/or audio systems in pre-existing buildings, and the
  • Key strategies and common mistakes that arise when specifying passive fire protection in ceiling upgrades and renovations.

By examining the purpose, benefits, and key strategies of specifying passive fire protection, this discussion aims to equip construction professionals with the insights needed to enhance safety and efficiency in relighting renovations and beyond. Let’s dive into the essential considerations that will allow our present and future buildings to provide true peace of mind for their occupants.

Understanding the Balance of Passive and Active.

Often, when curating the plans and specifications for new construction projects, architectural engineers ensure all 1) building code regulations are properly met, and 2) the appropriate technology and/or solutions are accurately installed. However, if you are a member of the construction landscape, you understand the turnaround of amending building regulations – an almost everyday occurrence. Therefore, it is fairly common that when remodeling a pre-existing building, parts of the structure aren’t aligned with the current version of the building code. Due to this typical complication, the project’s construction team will need to update the structure to meet the current building code requirements – especially when it comes to life safety.

Regardless of whether you are standing present-day in a late 19th century or 21st century building, you will be able to easily detect standard, updated active fire protection systems, such as fire sprinkler systems and fire extinguishers. On the other hand, the rapid adoption of various passive fire protection requirements creates a high level of difficulty for recently built infrastructures to even meet the most up-to-date code. Therefore, it is critical to ensure that these passive fire protection systems are updated properly when a pre-existing building is experiencing a remodel.

Why Does It Matter.

Why? Well, it resides with one the main reasons on why we specify passive fire protection systems in the first place – the safety of lives and property. Often, during remodeling projects, a variety of                 violations of the fire code arise; however, there is one single safety issue that flies under the radar– unprotected ceiling openings. Intermittently, architects and developers tend to be unfamiliar with or overlook Section 714.5.2 of the 2021 IBC, which addresses the significance of properly fire rating unprotected ceiling openings. When installed into a fire-resistance rated ceiling/floor assembly, recessed ceiling fixtures, whether it be a lighting or audio, allows a clear pathway for an active fire to travel. When exposed to the high temperatures of a fire for several minutes, the ceiling fixture is reduced to nothing – allowing heat, flames, and smoke to rapidly accelerate throughout a building.

To tackle this life safety hazard, modern day architects have begun specifying proper passive fire protection measures to certify that these openings are sealed properly, and the assembly’s integrity is reinstated. Alas, this reinstatement process has only been regulated into modern-day construction – which opens the concern surrounding relighting renovations in prior existing infrastructures. In these relighting projects, contractors are being faced with the task to reinforce the ceiling’s unprotected openings. So, how would a contractor go about rectifying this life safety hazard?

Key Tools to Successful Relighting Projects.

When determining your initial steps to confirm the integrity of your fire-rated ceiling, you need to detect if your ceiling needs to be properly fire-rated. As previously stated, it is common for contractors to not recognize the demand for passive fire protection for in-ceiling fixtures – especially if there isn’t any current passive fire protection present. Therefore, it is extremely critical to review your project’s plan and the International Building Code to determine if your relighting project will need a proper passive fire protection system. After this determination, it is critical to select the most appropriate fire-rated solution for the project itself. To name some of criteria to ponder in this selection is:

  • Does the fire-rated solution align with the stringent building code requirements in the Internation Building Code?
  • Has the fire-rated solution been properly tested and certified by an accredited third-party laboratory?
  • Will the installation of this solution meet the project’s personal demands, such as expected lead times and retrofitting demands?

When deciding on which fire-rated solution you will specify into your project, it is important to recognize if the solution can be installed into a pre-existing ceiling. Majority of fire-rated solutions, such as traditional fire-rated drywall boxes, are unable to installed into a pre-existing ceiling – adding major delays in project lead times and astronomical labor costs. Here at Tenmat, we have acknowledged these universal complications and have designed a line of fire-rated solutions to meet not only the building code; but, the demand of the individuals, who will be specifying and installing these solutions. Explore the benefits of choosing Tenmat’s Fire Rated Covers for relighting upgrades in pre-existing ceilings below:

Passive Fire Protection for Recessed Lighting Fixtures.

  • Universally, pre-existing buildings are looking to decrease their monthly energy costs – opting in for energy-efficient light fixtures. Some of the popular lighting fixtures used to complete this request include LED downlight wafers and troffer luminaires. At Tenmat, we have formulated a line of fire-rated enclosures to properly fire rate either an LED downlight or troffer. Understanding that these solutions will need to be placed into a pre-existing ceiling, Tenmat’s Fire Rated Covers for LED downlights and troffer luminaires can easily be retrofitted into the ceiling. To further explore this fire-rated technology, please click here.

Passive Fire Protection for In-Ceiling Loudspeakers.

  • As interior ambience and environment become an essential part of modern-day design, implementing in-ceiling loudspeakers have been a common upgrade in commercial spaces. However, the installation of these loudspeakers does expose the integrity of the fire-rated ceiling’s composition. Engineered to be retrofitted into a pre-existing ceiling, Tenmat’s FF109-FRSC 1 Hr. Fire Rated Speaker Cover is tailored to fire rate a wide range of in-ceiling loudspeakers, regardless of manufacturer or model. To learn more about the FF109-FRSC and its additional benefits, please click here.
If you any additional questions about Tenmat’s technology, please feel free to contact us here.

Common Mistakes in Relighting Projects.

With a clear vision on how an individual should proceed when working with passive fire protection in ceilings, it’s time to address some of the common mistakes one can face during installation. One of the most common mistakes during relighting upgrades is failing to maintain the integrity of specified fire-rated solutions. Cutting through fire-resistant ceilings to install new lighting fixtures or in-ceiling loudspeakers often leads to gaps or penetrations that are not properly sealed afterward. This oversight can significantly compromise the compartmentation of a building, allowing smoke and fire to spread more rapidly in an emergency. Contractors may also use incorrect materials for sealing penetrations, such as non-rated sealants, which do not meet fire protection standards. Ensuring that all penetrations are sealed with tested and approved fire-stopping systems is critical to maintaining the fire-resistance rating of the structure. To avoid this common issue, all Tenmat’s Fire-Rated Solutions do not require any additional tools or materials upon installation.

Still and all, there is one last major mistake that curates an improper fire-rated resistance ceiling– specifying improperly fire tested and certified products and materials. Repeatedly, contractors and specifiers have failed to recognize the difference between a solution that holds a proper vs. improper fire rating. For a solution to uphold a proper fire rating, the solution needs to undergo proper testing and certification from an accredited third-party testing facility, such as UL and Intertek. To review a product’s testing and certification, simply visit the manufacturer’s website, and review the solution’s listing, test report, or certification. If you are unable to locate the certification or questioning the authenticity of the certification, you can visit one of the national and international acclaimed independent third-party testing laboratories, such as Underwriter Laboratories (UL) or Intertek, and verify the solution’s testing. If you are unable to find the proper certification, the “fire-rated solution” is not properly fire tested. All of Tenmat’s Fire Rated Covers are properly tested and certified testing laboratories, such as UL and Intertek.

Conclusion

To wrap up this entire article into one statement, passive fire protection is a critical and often overlooked aspect of relighting renovations in existing buildings. As urban infrastructure evolves and renovation projects become more common practice, ensuring the safety of both the structure and its occupants must remain a top priority. Properly specifying and installing fire-rated solutions is essential for preserving the integrity of fire-resistance rated assemblies, particularly in ceiling upgrades that are often subject to unprotected openings caused by recessed lights and in-ceiling loudspeakers. By understanding the importance of both curating a cohesive fire protection system that incorporates both passive and active fire protection, construction professionals can not only comply with current building codes but also enhance the overall safety of redevelopment projects.

 

Avoiding common mistakes—such as failing to properly seal penetrations, using untested materials, and neglecting to verify fire ratings—can significantly reduce risks and ensure compliance with the latest safety standards. By taking the time to select high-quality, certified fire-rated products, like Tenmat’s Fire Rated Covers, construction teams can streamline the installation process, reduce delays, and ultimately provide greater peace of mind for building occupants. As the industry continues to innovate, combining modern technologies with reliable, passive fire protection will remain a cornerstone in ensuring the safety and longevity of both existing and future buildings.

Finding the Perfect Fit in Façades.

Tenmat announces partnership with Midwest Architectural Rep, Blue Line Building Products.

With the recent surge of US energy conservation code requirements, a vast amount of new construction projects have adopted the practice of ventilated rainscreen systems into their developing projects. With its wide range of energy efficient capabilities, ventilated rainscreen assemblies are an attractive, newly found construction practice – which has been rapidly adopted from all over the country. Unfortunately, this construction method produces a critical life safety hazard – the chimney effect.

In normal conditions, the ‘open state’ cavity allows for the structure to have proper ventilation and improvement in the overall building’s energy efficiency. However, in the event of a fire outbreak, this open void allows for the heat, flames, and smoke to travel vertically and horizontally throughout the structure – at an accelerated pace. As a result, recent building code adoptions have implemented a fireblocking requirement to eliminate this life safety hazard – protecting the lives and properties within our communities.

As a response, numerous forms of fireblocking technology have been developed to meet recent building code adoptions and resolve the issue of the chimney effect. However, a majority of these fireblocking solutions seal off the internal cavity of the assembly– which diminishes air ventilation, increases moisture dissipation, and decreases the building’s overall energy efficiency.

At Tenmat, we specialize in the development and manufacturing of intumescent technology – allowing us to meet the demands of construction professionals, based on application, thicknesses, shape, expansion rate and char formation after heat interaction. An intumescent is a material which reacts and expands aggressively when exposed to heat. In addition, this technology is designed to react and expand to fill all the gaps and changes in an opening, and therefore, can maintain a high-performance fire barrier for an extended duration. With this type of technology, it allows the construction application to shape a fireblocking solution to accommodate its demands rather than the opposing.

In the effort to protect growing communities and offer the latest in fireblocking technology, such as the Midwest, Tenmat has partnered with the architectural representative, Blue Line Building Products. With their dedication to finding the right product for the right applications, Blue Line BP offers the highest quality building envelope products and design-assist services in the rapidly growing Midwest.

Specialties Include:

  • Faux Wood Façades
  • Composite Stone
  • High Density Fiber Cement
  • HPL Panel Systems
  • Metal Panels
  • Porcelain Façades
  • Architectural Mesh

To contact Blue Line Building Products directly, please contact Matt Martino.

A Day in the Life: Morgan Allen

Meet our Marketing Specialist Morgan Allen and learn about her role at Tenmat, as well as what she does in off time.

Give a brief overview of your key responsibilities.

Upholding the position as a marketing specialist tends to have an assortment of responsibilities. From curating illustrative elements for all of Tenmat’s promotional campaigns to tracking the latest trends in the construction industry, it’s fair to say that I don’t have a dull day in my role. One of my favorite key responsibilities that I personally enjoy is creating all of the illustrative elements in our promotional campaigns. Recently, I developed a chocolate bar wrapper for our FF102/50 Samples – like c’mon how fun is that!

If you could describe Tenmat in one word, what would it be?

Innovation. At Tenmat, our entire team is always striving to offer the latest technology in passive fire protection to the nation’s leading construction professionals. From developing a fire-rated speaker enclosure for audiophiles to engineering an intumescent fire block to help maintain the optimal performance and fireblocking requirements of a rainscreen cavity, Tenmat always strives to be one step ahead when it comes to enforcing life safety.

What does a typical day look like in the office?

Honestly, the best part of my job is every day different; however, the one consistent thing is making sure I have my second cup of coffee. Even though one day, I will be designing our next exhibition banner or organizing a live webinar with my colleague, Mirka – I religiously check my emails first thing every morning and review Tenmat’s social media feeds. Other than that, my day is filled with endless possibilities – but it is definitely always exciting.

During your time at Tenmat, what has been your favorite core memory?

One of my favorite core memories is visiting our headquarters in Irlam, UK and sister company, Permali in Gloucester – which I will note this was my first time traveling aboard. From getting a grand tour of our full-scale factory to simply meeting my team in person, it is simply a story I love to talk about again and again. I look forward to the next time I can give my team a visit – hopefully, in the near future!

And lastly, what do you like to do in your spare time?

If you know anything about me, I am an avid music lover, and genre does not matter. Some of my favorite concert highlights include Fall Out Boy, Rascal Flatts, The Weeknd, and most importantly, Bring Me the Horizon. Questioning my dedication to music? Once, I drove from Delaware to Pontiac, MI to see several of my favorite bands – which was 18-hour road trip.

Truth or Smoke?

Uncover some of the most common misconceptions surrounding the rapidly adopted practice of passive fire protection.

The Progression of Building Code Adoptions and Enforcement of Passive Fire Protection

Known for its rapid development and expansion, the landscape of construction is consistently introducing new applications and practices to the modern world. Currently, one of the popular conservations in this industry is the specification and implementation of various passive fire protection systems. With its rapid adoption, there have been some distortion around the practice of passive fire protection – ranging from the practice itself to its associated solutions.

With the lack of clarity about the practice of passive fire protection, a range of negative issues have arisen. From the inability to meet stringent lead times, gaining additional costs in both materials and labor, and jeopardizing the safety of our communities, the lack of correct procedures for passive fire protection has a high potential to be disastrous. To avoid these undesirable outcomes, Tenmat is ready to bust some of the most common myths of passive fire protection. So, let’s bring some clarification into the construction landscape.

Myth #1: If your solution has been fire-tested and -certified for two hours, this solution can be specified into a one-hour fire rated assembly.

False. This common misconception that a two-hour fire rated solution can be implemented into a one-hour fire rated assembly is one of the most confusing. So, why can’t a two-hour fire rated solution be used in a one-hour fire rated application? Well, it can be – BUT the solution needs to be tested and certified in both a one-hour AND two-hour fire rated assembly. When a solution is tested in a two-hour fire test, the solution relies on the composition of the two-hour assembly to provide resistance to the fire outbreak – meaning the solution and assembly cohesively work together to prevent the spread of a fire. Therefore, in the instance, you place a two-hour rated solution (without additional testing) into a one-hour fire rated assembly, there is a chance that the solution and assembly will not work cohesively together – increasing the chances of a failed passive fire protection system.

Myth #2: Given that a solution is composed of a known fire-resistant material, the entire solution automatically holds a fire-resistance rating.

Incorrect. Every fire-rated solution needs to undergo proper testing and certification from a third-party testing laboratory, such as UL and Intertek. Regardless of the solution being composed of noncombustible elements, such as metal, it does not mean that the solution will meet the requirements of the fire-resistance rated assembly. When a fire-resistance rating is granted, it does not only measure the individual components – but the overall performance of the entire assembly during an active fire outbreak.

Adding on to our previous point, fire-resistant assemblies are specifically tested in their ability to contain a fire outbreak while maintaining its structural integrity throughout this period. Therefore, ALL of the components within the system need to meet the performance standards – not just one of the components. Even if only one of the components don’t meet the fire testing standards – it has the ability to compromise the whole assembly.  Interested in seeing if your fire-rated solution has been properly tested and certified? Check out its listing at Underwriter Laboratories or Intertek.

Myth #3: On the condition that you specified an active fire protection system in your redevelopment or new construction project, you do not need any additional fire protection systems.

Inaccurate. Previously discussed in our blog, Defining Fire Protection: Understanding the Importance of the Three Pillars, all three pillars of fire protection need to be present when specifying fire protection in construction projects. Whether it is the element of detection, control, or containment, each pillar is needed to fulfill the shortcomings of the other two pillars. With this system, it permits any errors arising if one portion of the system fails – allowing for true peace of mind.

Therefore, it is critical that your redevelopment or new construction job specifies the proper level of detection, passive fire protection and active fire protection. If you are interested in learning more about the three pillars, please read our previous blog here.

Myth #4: Passive fire protection systems are implemented in only Type V-A wood-frame structures.

Untrue. Passive fire protection can be found in a multitude of different building construction types and practices, such concrete K12 structures, high-rise steel infrastructures, Type V-A multifamily complexes, and so much more.  Therefore, it is safe to assume that a vast majority of building types require a certain level of passive fire protection. However, it is important to note that each passive fire protection solution/material is exclusively designed for a particular assembly. For example, a passive fire protection solution that has been designed to reinforce the integrity of a drywall ceiling in a Type V-A multifamily infrastructure might not fit the criteria for a through-penetration opening in a steel high-rise building, unless it is also tested for this application.   Furthermore, it is necessary to review your solution’s testing and design standards to ensure it is applicable for your desired construction type.

To help guide construction professionals on the correct pathway of selecting the appropriate passive fire protection systems, Tenmat has created various resource pages for some of the leading construction sectors. To access these resources, please visit here.

Myth #5: In the case, my fire-rated solution has accredited laboratory testing and certifications, it can be implemented into any application, regardless of the building structure or composition.

The previous statement is incorrect. In order for your fire-tested solution to meet the performance requirements of the designated fire-resistant assembly, it needs to have proper testing and certification for that particular assembly. For example, you wouldn’t have a painter working on the plumbing in your house. Therefore, to avoid this issue during construction, it is vital that you ensure your fire-rated product has been properly tested and certified in accordance with your desired assembly. For your convenience, you can review this information at either Underwriter Laboratories or Intertek.

All of Tenmat’s Fire-Rated Products and Materials Approved Assemblies can easily be located on each product page. If you are unable to locate these certifications, please feel free to contact us at +1-800-821-3436 or email us at info@tenmatusa.com.

Fire Protection Myths Busted – Here’s What It Means for You.

In this article, we have seen how complex the world of passive fire protection is, with various myths and misconceptions floating around that can easily be misinterpreted.  As we debunked these misinterpretations, it is imperative that relaying on assumptions about fire-resistance ratings or overlooking the functionality of a passive fire protection system can lead to serious consequences, from increase construction costs to compromised life safety. However, we were able to clarify some of the most prevalent myths surrounding passive fire protection, and illustrate on why accurate testing, certification, and specifications are critical to protecting our present and future communities.

Understanding the demand for comprehensive fire protection is essential – not only do active systems, such as fire alarms and sprinklers play a role, but passive fire protection systems are just as vital in the containment and control of a fire outbreak. By shedding some light on these misconceptions, we hope construction experts are able to provide our communities with a full-proof fire protection system in our developing communities. For additional resources or questions, please feel free to contact our team at +1-800-821-3436 or email us at info@tenmatusa.com.

Defining Fire Protection: Understanding the Importance of the Three Pillars.

Discover how the pillars of Detection, Control and Containment work cohesively to protect the lives and properties in our communities.

What is Fire Protection?

Did you know that the practice of fire protection is more than just specifying a sprinkler system or installing smoke detectors throughout a facility? Defined by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), fire protection is defined as “methods of providing for fire control or fire extinguishment”. As previously stated, there are a variety of moving parts in the definition of fire protection; therefore, it is critical to fully comprehend all of the pieces to the puzzle of fire protection. Fire protection is composed of three different segments: Detection, Control, and Containment. Each of these segments are important independently; however, the cohesion of all three segments are essential when creating an optimal fire protection system. Furthermore, let’s explore deeper on the significance of each pillar’s role in a fire protection system and how they work interconnectedly to protect the lives and properties within our communities.

Detect and Alert: The Pillar of Detection

In a general sense, most individuals are familiar with the installation of smoke detectors, whether it is in a residential or commercial setting. However, are you familiar with the staggering benefit of implementing a smoke detector? Since being introduced in the 1960s, smoke detectors have dropped home fire deaths by nearly 50%. Now, while smoke detectors play a key role in the pillar of Detection, there is a greater depth to this pillar. The pillar of Detection is the first moving part in a fire protection system, due to its ability to alert occupants of the initial stages of an active fire. Whether the source of the alert is through a smoke detector or a fire alert system, these technologies allow for a lengthen evacuation period – allowing for occupants to get a head start on exiting the building safely. In addition to the extended evacuation period, these systems alert local first responders about an active fire– permitting a faster response rate to the outbreak. In addition to the previously mentioned key components of Detection, the following:

Key Functions Include:

  • Swift Evacuation: Early warnings facilitate prompt evacuation, significantly reducing the risk of injury or death.
  • Minimize Property Damage: Detecting fires early helps prevent them from spreading, nearly diminishing the chances of property damage.
  • Continuous Monitoring: Fire and smoke detectors provide 24/7 surveillance, crucial in places where fires could occur during non-operational hours.

Because of its key functions, the pillar of Detection plays a pivotal role in a fire protection system; however, it is not the only vital piece in a fire protection system.

Taming the Flames: The Pillar of Control

Early stages of fire protection, such as the pillar of detection, play a vital role in keeping our communities safe; however, how does fire protection play a role in controlling the fire outbreak itself? One of the most widely recognized forms of fire protection are found within the pillar of Control, fire sprinkler systems and fire extinguishers. Fire sprinklers and fire extinguishers are a key component in controlling the fire itself – no matter if you are dealing with a small cooking fire or a large electrical-based fire. Often, these systems are activated by heat, smoke, or flame, permitting them to be activated during the early stages of a fire outbreak. As a result, this technology is able to produce a ~96% effectiveness rate in fire control. With the implementation of these systems, it allows for a wide range of benefits which include:

Main Benefits Include:

  • Reaction Time: For individuals who need an extended evacuation period, these systems are able to extinguish the fire in a matter of minutes – allowing for a prolonged evacuation period.
  • Scale of Fire: No matter how small or big the fire is, these systems will be able to diminish the fire in a timely manner.
  • Reduced Smoke Inhalation: By controlling the fire early, these installations can minimize the production of smoke and toxic gases, which are often more than dangerous than the flame themselves.

Even though this element of fire protection is universally acknowledged, it is crucial to ensure these systems are updated in current structures and implemented correctly into new construction projects, regardless of if the buildings are commercial or residential. If these systems are not properly maintained, there will be a breach of life safety in that particular community.

The Hidden Guardian of Life Safety: The Pillar of Containment.

So far, we have discussed the detection and controlling of a fire outbreak. But let’s paint a scenario. What if occupants ignore a smoke detector alarm because it randomly goes off throughout the day, or what if there is a malfunction in a fire sprinkler system? How do we protect the lives and properties in these cases? Here we introduce the hidden component, the pillar of Containment. Within the pillar of Containment, the practice of passive fire protection was developed with the purpose of slowing and preventing the spread of fire within a building through the use of fire rated materials. Often, we see a rapid acceleration in the spread of fire when given the accessibility to unprotected building openings, ranging from holes caused by recessed light fixtures, openings in cable trays, exterior cavities, and so much more. In order to compartmentalize the spread of flames and smoke, specifying properly fire tested and certified solutions in these openings greatly diminishes the development of a fire outbreak. With the specification of passive fire protection, its

Core Strengths Include:

  • Back-Up Plan: In the event where a sprinkler system or a smoke detector fails, passive fire protection steps in to contain the fire outbreak.
  • No Additional Steps: When a fire is activated, these devices are automatically deployed by the rise in temperature, allowing for openings to be sealed off before smoke and fire can travel elsewhere.
  • Extension for First Responders: With the fire properly contained, first responders have an extended response time – permitting a greater loss in lives and property.

Regardless of its strong benefits, the pillar of Containment tends to be the lesser-known form of fire protection. One of the primary reasons is that its solutions are integrated during renovation and new construction projects, often hidden within the building’s ceiling, wall and floor assemblies. Nonetheless, the pillar of Containment plays an equally critical role in a fire protection system, such as the pillars of Detection and Control – even though, it tends to function primarily in the background.

Completing the Full Circle of Fire Protection.

Detection. Control. Containment. With the presence of each of these pillars, our communities will be properly safeguarded from the tragic effects of a fire outbreak. To achieve this level of protection, it is critical that each component is properly integrated into both current and future construction developments. By doing so, we establish a proper framework that not only prevents fire outbreaks but also minimizes their potential damage, creating a safer community.

If you are interested in learning more about passive fire protection’s role in the pillar of Containment, schedule a free 1-1 training session with Tenmat’s Mirka Carlson. To schedule your session, please click here.

 

Sources

Benefits of installing a fire and Smoke Detector System. Kimble & Company. (2024, September 5). https://www.kimblefire.com/benefits-of-installing-a-fire-and-smoke-detectorsystem/#:~:text=Fire%20and%20smoke%20detection%20systems%20are%20vital%20for,essential%20for%20saving%20lives%20and%20reducing%20property%20damage.

Fire containment. International Firestop Council. (2024, August 23). https://firestop.org/fire-containment/

Fire, I. (2024, August 7). Active vs. Passive Fire Protection Systems. Impact Fire Services, LLC. https://resources.impactfireservices.com/active-vs.-passive-fire-protection-systems-the-basics-you-need-to-know

Gollner, M. J. (2016, June 23). Detection and suppression of fires: A cornerstone of Fire Protection Engineering – Fire Technology. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-016-0606-2

NFPA glossary of terms (2021) free PDF download. nfpa.org. (2021). https://www.nfpa.org/downloadable-resources/definitions/nfpa-glossary-of-terms-2021

What is passive fire protection?. Fire Protection Association. (2023, June 30). https://www.thefpa.co.uk/advice-and-guidance/advice-and-guidance-articles/what-is-passive-fire-protection-

Wood, L. (2020, December 2). Basic fundamentals of fire protection. Safenetix. https://www.safenetix.com/2020/12/01/fire-protection-fundamentals/

Get to Know Tenmat’s Charles “Charlie” Alfieri

Today, we sat down with the man, who can be in three different places at once, Tenmat’s Sales Manager – Charles “Charlie” Alfieri. Whether he is exhibiting at this month’s Fire Protection trade show or connecting with our loyal customers on active job sites, Charlie is always on the go. However, he was able to allocate some of his time to sit down with us today and share his experience in the industry, his daily routine, and what he enjoys doing in his downtime.

Fire Protection

Passive Fire Protection Products are ideally installed in critical junctions of both walls and ceilings, sitting idle, unless called upon by heat or fire to react and expand Products like Tenmat’s Ventilated Fire Barriers (FF102-50) are low profile intumescent strips, applied directly to exterior walls, behind the cladding in rainscreen assemblies. Because of the thin profile of the FF102-50 the cavity is still open, allowing for drainage and airflow, which is critical for the performance of rainscreen assemblies.

Charlie Alfieri 

Sales Manager – Fire Protection

Get to Know Charlie Alfieri

Well, to start off this conversation, how long have you been with Tenmat?

 I have been with Tenmat for about 20 years now.

Wow, 20 years. Well, out of those 20 years, what is one piece of information you would give to someone on their first day at Tenmat?
The best piece of advice I could give to someone on their first day at Tenmat would be to be patient with themselves while learning the many features and benefits of the different passive fire protection products that Tenmat offers.  Passive fire protection products sit idle unless called upon, so proper product selection and placement are critical in order for the products to work as they were intended.
Now, from my understanding you have been representing the Tenmat name at the nation’s top construction conferences and exhibitions for several years now, what is your favorite memory from one of these events?
My favorite memory from the conferences and exhibitions would have to be from the 2022 ICC (International Code Council) Conference & Exposition in Louisville, KY.  Smokey The Bear was walking around the conference floor and decided to stay at our booth, taking pictures with delegates, and showing off our line of fire stop products.
Other than being known as the frequent traveler at Tenmat, what does a typical day look like for you?
A typical day for me starts off early replying to emails from the night before.  Then into the office and fielding calls offering products that can be specified and quoted for projects that are going out to bid across the country. Afternoons are pretty busy getting all project quotes out and fielding calls from customers in the field who have come across fire rated assemblies.
And finally, what do you do in your down time when you are away from the office?
I really enjoy spending time with my family, so I spend most of my weekends at the baseball or football field watching my boy’s play.    My daughter is on the dance team, so if I am not on the ball field you will probably find me watching my daughter at her dance competition.

Exterior Cavity Fireblocking

Intumscent Fireblocking Exceeds Required Fire Performance While Maintaining Rainscreen Principles Needed in High-Performance Walls

Written by Antoine Habellion, P.Eng., M.Eng., M.S. and Steven Gaynor, MBA

Introduction

From the time of Nero’s reconstruction of Rome, fire performance requirements in exterior walls have been a cornerstone of local building codes. Furthermore, the fundamental concepts of fire control have remained unchanged since the inception of mandated fire performance requirements for materials and assemblies: controlling combustible materials, spacing, or compartmentalizing, and imposing height or area limitations.

However, as the science of building and materials has evolved, so too have the complexities of these fire management principles. Today, in American building practices, there are almost no opportunities for avoiding combustible materials all together. Lightweight construction requires the use of membranes, sealants, flashings, etc. With few exceptions, exterior walls must employ the use of combustible materials for at least these conditions. Often, today’s high-performance requirements will also require
the use of combustible materials in other parts of the assembly, where there may be no functionally equal alternatives that are noncombustible; this particularly true for water-resistive and air barriers.

Aiming to enhance the fire safety standards of New York City, the city council approved new requirements for the exterior walls of buildings constructed within
the city. These requirements, passed as part of the approval for the 2022 Construction Codes (New York City Building Code), came into enforcement in late 2022. It was quickly recognized by the building community that the new code language, seemingly inadvertently, ruled out the use of previously accepted ventilated façade
assemblies.

The unintended consequence of virtually eliminating the vast majority of ventilated façade systems is the increased challenge for designers to create exterior walls that effectively manage water over the building’s lifespan, while also providing the thermal performance needed to meet energy requirements like those outlined in the New York City Energy Conservation Code (NYCECC) and NYC’s Local Law 97. It also presents the risk to limit the architectural expression, by significantly reducing the number of options available.

Ventilated facades and the high-performance materials utilized in their construction are critical tools in the design and performance of buildings, ensuring they meet the ever-evolving performance needs of exterior wall assemblies.

For decades, buildings have relied on in- tumescent materials for fire control. These applications range from fireproofing of structural steel, through-penetration firestopping of mechanical and electrical service, perimeter edge sealing of fire doors, to joint and gap sealing of fire compartments to limit fire spread from one part of a building to another.

These materials have also been used in the exterior cavities of façades assemblies for the same compartmentation purposes globally for over two decades. However, they are currently not included in the list of fireblocking materials prescribed in the New York City Building Code.

Intumescent materials, which expand when heated, provide a critical barrier against heat and flame during fire events. These materials have not only proven to be an effective fire- blocking solution, but tests have demonstrated that they can also outperform traditionally accepted materials in aspects crucial to containment.

This paper posits that intumescent fireblocking is a simple, safe, and effective fireblocking material that may, right now, be the only tested option which can provide the intended protection during a fire event and maintain rainscreen principles continuously throughout the exterior wall covering. Simultaneously, it enables the design of exterior walls that can meet the other stringent performance requirements imposed on today’s buildings.

Background on NYC Fireblocking Requirements

In November 2021, New York City became the first jurisdiction in the United States to pass building code requirements with an expansive mandating for the use of fireblocking in the exterior cavity of ventilated façade assemblies. These are assemblies that include an exterior cavity between the thermal barrier and the cladding, also known as rainscreens, one of the most common assemblies that include ventilated exterior cavities.

While NYC may have escalated the fireblocking requirements, those familiar with the Interational Building Code (IBC) will know that these requirements are not new. All interior spaces are mandated to have some degree of compartmentalization to hinder fire from spreading from one area to another, typically between units, occupancy types, egress routes, etc.

Exterior cavities, the spaces created between the cladding and the backup wall, have had established requirements for several decades. These IBC requirements date back to its inception, as evidenced by section 716.2.6 from the 2000 IBC.

Enforcement of these requirements has varied widely, but most jurisdictions regularly waived these requirements when an assembly complied with NFPA 285. (National Fire Protection Association’s Standard Fire Test Method for Evaluation of Fire Propagation Characteristics of Exterior Wall Assemblies Containing Combustible Components).

The 2022 Construction Code for New York City chose to not adopt this language, and instead added language that explicitly re- quires fireblocking installed in most ventilated assemblies. This applies to both combustible and noncombustible materials used with combustible water-resistive barriers.

What is the NFPA 285 Testing Requirement?

As the name suggests, NFPA 285 is a test method that provides insight into the actual performance of a specific wall assembly—in- dividual specific components combined in a particular geometry—when exposed to conditions akin to an actual structure fire.

NFPA 285 uses a multistory wall assembly subjected to actual fire temperatures expected during an event. Originating from a larger test (UBC 17-6), it was reduced to its current size of roughly 18’ tall after addition- al testing revealed that the large size tests produced the same results as the 18’ test. This consistency increased our confidence that we are witnessing genuine performance when testing according to NFPA 285. There- fore, while it is important to note that NFPA 285 is still a qualifying test, which does not simulate every building condition, a successful NFPA 285 test others a high level of confidence in the safety of the assembly during a fire event.

With NFPA 285 providing insight into the actual flame propagation of an assembly (measured both inside the exterior cavity and on the face of the cladding), building officials often felt confident waiving the fire- blocking requirements if the correlating test was performed without fireblocking.

This reasoning was adopted by the International Code Consortium into the code language for the 2012 IBC, by adding exception 3 to the relevant fireblocking section (See excerpt below).

When is fireblocking required in the exterior cavity for the IBC?

As per the language in IBC 2021 (the cur- rent version as of this writing), fireblocking of the exterior cavity is required in ventilated façades when either the cladding or the framing materials are combustible, and the assembly hasn’t been tested to comply with NFPA 285. Generally, NFPA 285 is deemed applicable for cladding and components when a building’s elevation exceeds 40 feet. This means there’s a high likelihood that projects need to comply with fireblocking requirements on buildings under 40 feet that contain combustible cladding or attachments, wherever this IBC language is adopted.

While there are a few exceptions, and every project should be reviewed by a qualified professional, this rule of thumb helps us identify the buildings most likely to require fireblocking.

When this requirement does apply, designers and suppliers have limited options. The first is to install an assembly that has been tested in accordance with NFPA 285. As previously mentioned, this is a large and expensive test, which only applies specifically to those materials that have been tested in the same combination and geometry as what was installed on the test. The second option is to add fireblocking, but the available materials accepted for fireblocking are also limited.

Fireblocking materials are listed in the IBC. This list (shown below) contains materials that are used for all fireblocking requirements. Notably, most materials listed are not suitable for exterior use, especially in ventilated exterior cladding assemblies which may or may not have open joints.

What is different with the 2022 NYC Construction Code?

Importantly, we must first recognize that NYC has a history of significant variations from the model codes in the US. Until 2008, NYC created and maintained its own building code. While these new requirements might be a major upheaval for our industry, the process for getting here was quite unextraordinary. It is best to view this as a scheduled cyclical update following a mundane bureaucratic process. A task group is coordinated to review model code language and decide how to adopt it for NYC. In this particular revision cycle however, the task group developed new language that was not related to model code changes.

Considering the acceleration of the construction of high-rise buildings in NYC, and the fire events experienced in other countries, the code committee in NYC seemingly wanted to increase the robustness of the fire requirements for exterior assemblies.

They attempted to do this through rewriting several sections of the building code having to do with both the fire performance requirements of exterior walls and fireblocking requirements. These include, material combustibility requirements (ASTM E136), classification requirements (ASTM E84), propagation requirements (NFPA 285), and ratings requirements (ASTM E119).

While there is debate about whether the effect of these requirements meets the intent of adopting them, the effort to build confidence in fire performance of US buildings has been a renewed focus for building officials across the country for the past two decades.

The fireblocking requirements (Section 718.2.6) are the focus of this paper and NYC has explicitly intertwined those requirements with the NFPA 285 requirements (Chapters 14 and 26)

Through these changes, NYC mandated that any assembly which required both fireblocking and testing according to the NFPA 285 standard will now require the submission of a test report that includes fireblocking.

In practice this vastly expanded the requirements for fireblocking in rainscreens and other assemblies while also requiring an NFPA 285 test to be performed specifically to the NYC requirements.

The industry is currently woefully underprepared to comply with such a stringent new requirement.

Art Parker, Principal Fire Protection Engineer, RDT&E, estimates that less than 2% of existing NFPA 285 test reports can comply with the current NYC language.

He speculates that testing to demonstrate compliance with the new fireblocking requirements in the 2022 NYC Construction Code has started, but it is still in the initial stages. As more projects are being submitted to the NYC Department of Buildings (DOB), the requirements will become more clear and almost every manufacturer will need to consider conducting testing to demonstrate compliance with these new requirements.

“On a parallel path, I expect the NFPA Fire Test Commitee, which is responsible for maintaining and updating NFPA 285, will start to look at what modifications to the standard test set-up and conduct can be incorporated to address evaluating exterior wall assemblies containing fireblocking systems and technologies. Sufficient testing data and experience will need to be developed along with consensus among the committee before we can start to propose changes to the existing testing standard to include fireblocking into test wall assemblies”. Art said referring to the committee he chairs for NFPA.

The average preparation for such a test can take anywhere from 6 to 12 months, from the decision to conduct one, to the final report; not including the wait for an opening in the laboratory schedule. Although expensive and time consuming, project specific testing will likely be needed while the industry has time to catch up with these new requirements.

When is fireblocking required in the exterior cavity with the 2022 NYC Construction Code?

The fireblocking language adopted for the 2022 NYC Building Code might appear subtly different than the IBC at first glance. NYC does maintain the general fireblocking requirements and some of the exceptions of the IBC. However, there are a few wording changes that have monumental impact.

Where NYC fireblocking starts to differ is the elimination of two exceptions listed in the IBC version.

1. NYC eliminated the longstanding Exception 2.3 “Other approved noncombustibles”. By striking this section, NYC eliminates a widely used exception
for materials that qualify as noncombustible. Materials such as porcelain, glass, fiber cement, GFRC, and other noncombustibles now are required to use fireblocking when installed over a combustible WRB.
2. NYC chose not to adopt the 2012 exception that affirmed the common practice of accepting a successful NFPA 285 test assembly without the use of fireblocking.

These two changes alone encompass the majority of the rift between the intent of the 2022 NYC Construction Code and the IBC. When compared to just the existing code language, they suggest that fireblocking in NYC buildings will be required for most materials, and all locations.

There are a few exceptions specific to certain thicknesses of brick, terracotta, stucco, concrete, aluminum, and steel; this implies that fireblocking is required for all combustibles, and those noncombustibles not specifically listed in the exception when used with a combustible water-resistive barrier.

What materials can be used for fireblocking?

Understanding that NYC now requires fire- blocking for most rainscreen and cavity assemblies, there is still an open question about the materials to use. Fortunately (and unfortunately), the NYC code generally matches the IBC list here. (See Figures below)

The material discussion is significant, but first there is a small and possibly critical change to the wording here: the last item of the IBC list is “other approved materials”, which has been changed to “Other materials approved by the commissioner” in the NYC code. Discussions with experts and building officials in NYC have concluded that this language is most likely intended to eliminate opportunities for third party listing and approvals to solely satisfy this requirement. This results in any alternative materials being required to go through the NYC Department of Building approval processes, rather than just submitting an evaluation report from one of the major accredited certifying institutions, which most often satisfies the IBC requirement.

Looking at the approved materials list, it quickly becomes clear that these listed materials are not all appropriate for the exterior cavity, where the material will be exposed to exterior conditions. Filtering out the list, one can conceivably narrow it down to cement board and mineral wool being the only suit- able materials for an exterior environment that will intermittently experience heavy wetting and drying cycles. Thinking through this a little further, using cement board be- tween all of the supports and panel geometries seems completely untenable from an installation perspective, so mineral wool may really be the only constructable option for use as fireblocking in exterior cavities.

Using Mineral Wool as Rainscreen Fireblocking

For anyone who has ever installed one of these exterior cladding systems, mineral wool seems like an easy solution. It is relatively easy to cut, can be compressed for tight fitting, and will likely last for the life of the building.

Using precisely cut blocks of mineral wool installed at intervals to compartmentalize the wall can create an effective barrier for heat and flames. The compartments created with mineral wool are likely to reduce the spread of flames in the cavity. However, fire is just one consideration when building an exterior wall.

Using precisely cut blocks of mineral wool installed at intervals to compartmentalize the wall can create an effective barrier for heat and flames. The compartments created with mineral wool are likely to reduce the spread of flames in the cavity. However, fire is just one consideration when building an exterior wall.

Designing a high-performance building envelope becomes especially challenging in regions like the northeastern US, which experience freezing winters and hot humid summers, where ventilated cladding
assemblies, or rainscreens, have successfully demonstrated that they were effective solutions to address this challenge.

The cavity created by the cladding attachment system serves multiple purposes:
• It allows for the passive removal of liquid water and water vapor.
• It accommodates the use of exterior insulation, which is more thermally effective than insulation placed be- tween wall studs, due to the reduction of thermal bridging effect caused by the studs; it is a simple way to increase the thermal efficiency of the entire wall assembly. It also allows to maintain the temperature of the sheathing above the dew point temperature during the heating season, reducing the risk for moisture related issues.
• It reduces the solar heat gain during summer: the cavity allows the heat to dissipate through ventilation as the sun heats the panels. Blocking this cavity could result in heat build- up and subsequent transfer into the building during the warmer months.

However, the introduction of permanent barriers installed for fireblocking could negate many of the benefits achieved with rainscreen design. This is mainly due to the installation of fireblocking design.

To the obvious question of whether miner- al wool is appropriate for this application, Antoine Habellion, technical director at ROCKWOOL, and who is an expert in thermal performance of the building envelope, and specialized in the use of mineral wool in applications such as rainscreen systems responded that: “there is no obvious rea- son to believe that a mineral wool product could not stay in place and act as an effective fire barrier in a typical rainscreen system for some time, but the use of such product, alone and unprotected, to obstruct the cavity between the cladding and the inner layers of the wall could raise concerns regarding the durability of the product and the overall hygrothermal performance of the wall.

This is because if the mineral wool is block- ing the cavity, it may reduce the air flow within it and therefore slowdown the passive removal of water vapor, potentially resulting in an increase of the risk for moisture related issues, especially with certain cladding type which are more sensitive to moisture. If the cavity is blocked, any water in the cavity may also be forced to drain through the mineral wool, which could act as a filter for dirt, debris, and other contaminants that water is carrying down the cavity. Overtime, the accumulation of organic maters within the wool and the prolonged exposure to wetting and freeze-thaw cycles could promote the development of mold and other fungi, and significantly impact the physical integrity of the mineral wool, potentially jeopardizing its ability to act as an effective fireblocking material.”

Reviewing the approved materials list again, obviously mineral wool still seems the only realistic fireblocking option. However, there are now other challenges to consider. This makes detailing a critical issue in fireblocking design.

How to ensure proper water management with permanent fireblocking

Installation of a permanent, durable, and resilient fireblocking intended to perform for the life of the building, presents many challenges for rainscreen assemblies. Installation of flashing above the fireblocking appears to be a plausible solution. Afterall, flashing is used for interfaces and transitions all over the building.

While it doesn’t completely rectify airflow problems, it can effectively redirect water away from the backup wall and out to the face of the exterior cladding, thus addressing a major part of the concern.

While it is crucial to remember that this approach isn’t the most ideal and may pose challenges in design and installation, it is useful to explore this as a possible path for achieving compliance.

In this case, we would employ a simple rule: if there is fireblocking, there must also be flashing. Where horizontal fireblocking is required, flashing would exist continuously above the fireblocking. Where there is vertical fireblocking, any horizontal terminations should be flashed to redirect water.

The following key features are necessary for this solution:
1. Continuity of flashing: this is vital to ensure that moisture is directed out of the system, and not through the fire- blocking below.
2. Full extension of flashing: it should reach all the way back to the water control layer, through the insulation, and probably to the sheathing.
3. Outward extension of flashing: the flashing must reach out to the face of the exterior cladding to allow for redi- rected water to drain to the exterior.
4. Panel joint design: Joints may need to be designed or widened specifically for this purpose.
5. Hydrothermally inert panel material: This is crucial to prevent warping and bowing of the panels in direct contact with the fireblocking, which could lead to cladding failure over time.
If we take each of these considerations into account, we can create an effective fire- blocking solution that significantly mitigates much of the concern around liquid water.

Putting aside constructability and cost of installation for now, we immediately run into another performance issue; the decrease in thermal efficiency of the exterior wall due to the continuous thermal bridge created by the addition of flashing.

NYC Local Law 97: Actual Performance Matters

New York City’s Local Law 97 represents a shift in focus from the prescriptive require- ments of the IECC towards actual energy use of a building. This law holds building owners accountable for excessive energy use, regardless of the cause. This structure swiftly bypasses the prescriptice account- ing of thermal bridges, rather focusing on measured performance. Building owners are now gettng taxed on their actual carbon use, including energy used by the HVAC systems.

One might imagine building owners will be paying more atention to the actual ther- mal performance of their exterior walls as the checks they have to write continue to increase. Gone are the days of dismissing certain details because the standard doesn’t require it.

As a result, architects and engineers in NYC must consider the impact of every penetration when predicting the actual effective thermal performance of the wall.

Eliot Benor, Testing Manager of Building Envelope Testing LLC, says that he is seeing an uptick in interest for building owners of new and existing buildings to determine exactly what that exterior wall insulation performance actually is.

“This isn’t even just about getting the best designed walls; owners are contacting us to figure out exactly what the thermal performance is of the wall once it is built.

We go to jobsites and existing buildings and provide an assessment of the ‘as built’ condition using specialized equipment.

Owners want to know if they are in for a surprise… most often, not a good one…”

Eliot also points out a critical component to this new law.: there is an unknown when it comes to performance, even with good de- sign.

Based on these considerations and using a PC-program designed to perform three-dimensional steady-state heat conduction modelling, Antoine completed a thermal analysis of a typical opaque wall section, with and without the flashing that would accompany a permanent mineral wool fireblocking, to assess the impact of a continuous metal flashing at each floor on the effective thermal performance of the assembly.

With this basic example which included an R-17 (ft².°F.hr)/BTU exterior mineral wool insulation, a 6.0” x 8.0” continuous mineral wool fireblocking at every floor, every 10 feet,
and a 16Ga. flashing angle, he found that the added flashing would result in a degradation of about 10% of the overall thermal performance of the wall if the flashing is made of stainless-steel, and of about 16% if the flashing is made of galvanized steel.

In this example, it was calculated that in order to match the thermal performance of the wall without the flashing, the insulation thickness installed on the clear field of the wall needed to be increased by ½” if the flashing is made of stainless-steel, and by 1.0” if the flashing is made of galvanized steel.

There is a cost to the material and installation of extra inches of insulation, but anyone who has worked in NYC construction knows that fractions of inches around lot lines, and floor space requirements, can force a rede- sign of the entire wall system.

The addition of these constraints emphasizes a need for thoughtful, comprehensive design solutions that consider not only fire safety, but also energy efficiency and sustainability. Achieving a balance between these sometimes conflicting requirements is a challenge that architects, engineers, and building designers must rise to meet.

Bringing It All Together

The DOB is currently reviewing (or at least spot checking) section details for buildings, flagging thermal bridges, and then requiring performance testing for compliance before issuing work permits.

If designers and engineers are mandated to ensure that their buildings do not exceed a specific energy usage target, as seen in NYC and potentially other jurisdictions adopting similar legislation, then any prescriptive code compliance becomes ineffective. The traditional rules allowing designers and engineers to disregard specific reductions caused by peripheral components are no longer relevant. What maters now is the building’s actual performance during operation. The NYC government will be monitoring these buildings and issuing fines to those owners whose properties fail to meet the standard, regardless of the reasons behind the failure. The major conflict be- tween fireblocking requirements in exterior cavities and energy code requirements should now be evident. Designers must con- sider the impact of the actual performance of a wall system on a building’s energy us- age. This consideration includes:
• Continuous thermal bridging at every floor line, opening, and between different types of occupancy,
• A likely decrease in the expected insu- lation value due to the cycles of wet- ting and contamination that lead to slower dryiing of exterior insulation,
• Possible decreased rate of drying from the reduced efficiency of the cavity to evacuate liquid water and vapor from wetted materials.

No designer will want to risk the financial and commercial repercussions that come with failing to meet these performance tar- gets due to unforeseen decreases in energy performance associated with incorporating fireblocking into a ventilated façade assembly.

This situation leaves designers and engineers with a limited range of materials and methods to address non-fire performance requirements. If NYC is committed to up- holding and enforcing the fireblocking requirements in their 2022 Construction Code, alternative approaches must be considered.

Fire Protection Systems: Active vs Passive

Luckily, alternative approaches exist, which allow designers to keep using the proven advantages of ventilated rainscreen assemblies with exterior insulation and continuous, open, exterior cavities to allow for effective drainage of liquid water and ventilation for drying and evacuation of water vapor. The definitions of active and passive fire protection systems are well-defined within the fire protection community. These definitions may not be intuitive, especially when dis- cussing materials that change form during a fire, as part of their protection attributes.

Active fire protection systems need a per- son, trigger, or sensor to “turn it on”. Examples are fire suppression systems like sprinklers or magnetic release of fire doors along egress routes.

Passive fire protection systems don’t require intervention to protect or activate. Examples of these are static systems like firestopping sealants sealing compartments around a conduit, or dynamic systems like intumescent coatings around structural steel that change form and expands during a fire event to protect the steel from dangerous temperatures.

These systems also exist for the exterior cavity; in fact, passive, dynamic fire protection systems are also widely used for compartmentalization of these cavities.

Companies like Tenmat, HILTI, Promat, 3M, and others, all other intumescent-based products that are designed and engineered to be used in the exterior cavity.

Intumescents expand and change form in the presence of heat, like in a fire. This property makes them exceptionally effective and efficient as a fire protection system.

People within the industry will most commonly recognize the term intumescent with coatings often used to protect steel and supports. (See figure below)

Figure 1: American Institute of Steel Construction Image https://www.aisc.org/why-steel/resources/fire-protection/

In a fire event, the intumescent coating can expand even up to 50 times its original thickness. This creates a protective outer layer that insulates the steel after activation, and greatly reduces the transfer of potentially dangerous heat to that steel.

 Intumescent Fireblocking

Intumescents have been utilized for close to 50 years, to contain fire and compartmental- ize units within buildings. The requirements for interior fireblocking and firestopping are well-established and have demonstrated efficacy in slowing the progression of fires throughout a building.

Fireblocking within a building can be created in a variety of ways using different materials. Intumescents are deployed in those loca- tions where open access or open joints need to  be maintained between fire compartment units for standard operation of the building but must be sealed off to ensure compart- mentalization in a fire event. Examples of where  intumescents are employed include fireproofing of structural steel with intumescent paints or coatings, through-penetration firestopping of mechanical and electrical  services such as pipes and cables, perimeter edge sealing of fire doors, and joint and gap sealing of movement joints between building elements forming fire compartments.

In the European Union, the UK, and other parts of the world, these materials are used within the exterior envelopes of buildings. For instance, rigid intumescent strips have been effectively used as fireblocking in the exterior cavities of rainscreen facades since the early part of this century.

How are Intumescents Used in Exterior Cavities?

The intumescent materials used within the exterior cavity of rainscreen facades differ significantly from intumescent coatings used for steel in that they must be capable of spanning and sealing across much larger “air gaps” of typically one to two inches.

Rigid intumescent strips typically utilize expandable graphite which offers greater expansion capabilities, that enable the strip to expand unidirectionally across the air gap and form a resilient flame and heat resisting seal to prevent the fire spread.

Intumescent material is installed in the same locations and compartment sizes as required by other fireblocking materials. Depending on the required cavity depth and adjacent materials, the intumescent material may be installed on a noncombustible carrier or as a standalone material. The method will de- pend on the application and intent of performance.

Testing has shown that intumescents per- form the same or better than traditional fire- blocking materials when used in the exact same locations, geometry, and thicknesses as materials that impede rainscreen, drain- age, and ventilation performance.

These materials are also installed in very similar ways, using fasteners to attach the assembly to the backup-wall. In this way, no maintenance is required. Intumescents can remain in place, ready to perform for the life of a building. They are designed to withstand the exposure to the element expected with this application.

Intumescent Performance

The acceptance of any fire safety product must start with the performance of that product in a fire event. As challenging as it might be to construct a rainscreen without intumescent fireblocking, that is not a valid reason to accept any alternative with lower performance. Intumescent materials have been demonstrated to meet, and in some instances, exceed the performance expecta- tions of approved fireblocking materials.

Intumescent materials have been used in rainscreens for a long time, all over the world. Many manufacturers have used intu- mescent fireblocking in successful NFPA 285 testing. Intumescents have been success- fully used in testing with cladding materials like Aluminum Composite Panels (ACM), High-Pressure Laminates (HPL), and others, where ventilation cavities and open joint systems are critical to overall performance and durability of
the assembly.

Tests have shown that performance of intumescent fireblocking matches those mate- rials listed in the building code. As an ex- ample, the data below displays heat curves from two comparison NFPA 285 screening tests.

They use exactly the same assembly com- ponents and geometry. The key difference is that one uses mineral wool fireblocking, and the other uses intumescent fireblocking (by Tenmat).

The data shows the heat curves at critical locations in the NFPA 285 test assembly. This is the 10-foot mark, above the window. The first graph shows the heat inside the cavity, and the second graph shows the heat outside the system, on the face of the panels.

For these tests, an ACM panel was used for the cladding panel, the substructure was constructed of a typical aluminum clip and rail system, the water resistive barrier is the same popular self-adhered sheet mem- brane, and both systems used 2” of mineral wool insulation.

The fireblocking location and layout was exactly the same on both tests; around the window, horizontally 32” above the window, and horizontally 142” above the window. See Pictures labeled “TEST 1: Intumescent” and “Test 2: Mineral Wool”. The layout was de- signed to address the requirements in the new 2022 Construction Code in NYC. The difference was the material assembly of the fireblocking.

Test 1: Intumescent

Test #1 used 4.5 lb/ft² mineral wool as the fireblocking material. This material is under the “fireblocking materials” list in 718.2.1 . It was designed to completely close off the cavity that remained from the back of the ACM panel to the face of the (mineral wool) insulation layer. During installation, the mineral wool was cut and sliced to tightly fit around the cladding attachment system.

Test 2: Mineral Wool

Test #2 used Tenmat FF102.50 as the fire- blocking material. The material was used in the same locations and widths as the mineral wool in Test #1. Tenmat fireblocking was placed within 1.5” of the back of the ACM panel leaving approximately that much air- space for ventilation and drainage prior to a fire event.

As mentioned previously, the temperature results for the thermal couples placed in- side and outside the cavity at 10 feet above the window are strikingly similar. The intumescent maintained slightly lower peak and average temperatures, which was consistent with an additional full-scale test also per- formed with the identical assembly.

These side-by-side test comparisons are similar to other large-scale tests performed with intumescent fireblocking and other exterior cladding assemblies.

Conclusion

Many jurisdictions in the US are looking closely at the fire performance requirements of exterior wall covering assemblies. The model codes, and most jurisdictions contain restrictive guidelines for fire performance that, when properly followed, have impressive safety records.

There exists fireblocking requirements for some applications in model codes and local jurisdictions that require the compartmentalization of the cavity created in the exterior wall covering. Where applicable, these requirements often conflict with proper water, air, and thermal management, and some- times with other building code requirements, forcing architects and engineers to redesign the wall, often with lower performance, less desirable materials, and
assemblies.

Using a fireblocking that will remain open during normal operation, then seal the cavity when a fire event occurs is the only practical way to address both the fire concerns and the most advanced building practices using high-performance materials and assemblies, like rainscreens.

Intumescent have a proven performance in these applications with a long history around the world. In the US, some product manufacturers have tested intumescent materials as an exterior wall covering fireblocking option since the mid 2000’s.

The results displayed in this paper indicate that intumescent fireblocking could produce the similar or better performance, using the same fireblocking layout and dimensions as traditional fireblocking materials, while maintaining crucial healthy building practices associated with water management, ventilation, air management, and thermal performance during normal operation. Jurisdictions in the US have been slow to accept these solutions, but increased fire performance requirements are going to require the American construction community to find new ways to satisfy competing demands.

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P.O.V. – Intumescent in Life Safety Applications

Installing intumescent materials for fire safety.

Intumescent products and materials have been in the market for several decades. An intumescent is a material which reacts and expands aggressively when exposed to heat or fire. Depending on the requirements of the application, the expansion rate can be up to 30 times the original size of the product. The pressure generated by the intumescent when expanding can be tailored for each application, but it can also easily crush plastic pipework. Once expanded, the intumescent product creates a tough and solid char, which can prevent the spread of fire, heat, and smoke for many hours.

Intumescent products have been a key component in applications such as fire door seals, pipe and penetration seals, and linear gap seals. Over the years, many of these products have been supplied to protect both buildings and their occupants, making them a trusted and widely approved firestop solution.

Intumescent products compared to traditional firestopping products

In the past, traditional firestopping products such as mineral fiber and sheet rock were the mainstay of the industry. When construction materials and practices were largely limited to just a few different options, they worked very well, as the basic construction materials—for example, brick and block—did not “move” much in the event of a fire. When a construction material does not “move” or deform in a fire, then a firestop which does not react can work perfectly well.

Today, buildings are constructed using a greater variety of materials, including masonry, timber, steel, metallic, and polymeric materials—all of which expand at different rates in a fire. Some degrade quickly, while others distort. When construction materials “move” in a fire situation, gaps are opened and shapes and sizes of penetrations change, which in turn, allow fire and smoke to pass through. In these situations, traditional firestop materials simply do not work well, as they do not respond to the changes taking place. In comparison, intumescent products react and expand to fill all the gaps and changes created by the fire, and therefore, can maintain a high-performance fire barrier for an extended duration. The key requirement of a good firestopping product is one which will fill, insulate, and seal all gaps in a building fire compartment as a fire develops and movement occurs.

Another reason for building movement is due to seismic activity. This often happens over time, before a fire occurs, and can cause gaps and cavities in the fire compartment to appear and grow in size. Traditional firestopping methods cannot usually seal such changes in construction, or they become dislodged or damaged, so the fire compartment is compromised long before any fire-related events. Intumescent firestopping products have been tested and shown to fill any large gaps and cavities present before a fire occurs.

A further benefit of intumescent products is their installation, which is generally simpler. Traditional firestops tend to require a great deal of skill and time to install correctly, as they often require combinations of both wet and dry processes. Intumescent products tend to be designed for the specific application, and the skilled parts of the product are incorporated at the factory in controlled conditions and not onsite.

Types of intumescent products

While it is a widely accepted opinion that intumescent products represent much safer solutions for many firestopping applications, it is not the whole story. All intumescent products are not created equally. Today’s products can be divided into two basic groups: dumb and smart intumescent materials.

Dumb intumescent materials

A dumb intumescent is typically a rubber-based material which is extruded or pressed into sheets, with no structure to the dispersion of the intumescent particles within the application. The main reason it is called “dumb” is because when it expands, it has no sense of direction and will expand in all directions equally. Additionally, if a random gap exists, it will flow through it as well, rather than in the direction required to stop the fire spread.

The only way to use such dumb intumescent materials successfully is to totally encase them in a fire-resistant canister or box, so the expansion can only occur in the direction required, and all other directions are sealed. A typical example of their use would be in fire collars, where the intumescent is contained within a steel shell around the pipe to direct the expansion inwards.

Another disadvantage of rubber-based intumescent is the high organic content, which means it creates a great deal of smoke in a fire situation—which can be dangerous for both occupants and firefighters alike.

 

Dumb intumescent materials are generally produced in high volume, with no particular design application in mind. These materials are then supplied to “convertors” who incorporate them into products, which must be encased, to make them work in the manner required.

Smart intumescent materials

Smart intumescent materials are very different because of the way they work. The materials are generally produced for a specific end application from the start of the production process. Smart intumescent materials can be fine-tuned to provide expansion in only the direction required for the application, and they can even be formed into the finished product shape.

Unlike other types of intumescent materials, smart ones do not use rubber as the basic matrix. Instead, they use mineral fibers, which are layered along with intumescent particles in the forming process to produce a multi-layered product. This structure allows accurate control of both the rate and direction of expansion.

Vacuum forming allows complex 3D shapes to be created while having full control over the direction of expansion.

Since smart intumescent materials have their expansion rate and direction inherently controlled at the factory, they do not require the same levels of encasement as dumb products, meaning the finished product design can be simplified in many ways regarding weight, cost, and ease of installation.

Another benefit of smart intumescent materials is they tend to have very low organic content, mainly due to their structure being of mineral fibers and not rubber. As a result, they produce very low smoke in a fire. Some smart materials are even classified as “low smoke zero halogen,” which is good news for building occupants and firefighters.

Conclusion

Building materials and construction techniques have changed significantly in recent years, and the materials used to firestop these buildings have not kept pace with these changes. This has been unfortunately demonstrated by a number of high-profile building fires. Traditional firestopping simply cannot cope with the building movement which occurs in a modern building fire. Therefore, intumescent materials must be considered, as they offer the required advancements in firestopping technology. However, it is important to remember not all intumescent materials are the same, and smart intumescent options offer different benefits compared to dumb intumescent options.

Ultimately, in the war against rapid fire spread in buildings, having the best weapons is good place to start.

“Re-Wiring” to Protect Our Current and Future Communities.

Discover how properly fire-rated through-penetration openings play a pivotal role in protecting our current and future communities.

Passive Fire Protection in Modern Construction

“Are these ceiling openings properly fire rated?” “Do I need a one-hour or two-hour fire rating for this recessed can light?” “Are you installing intumescent material into your ventilated rainscreen system?” Over the past several construction seasons, these various questions have been asked on active job sites and in planning rooms: however, all of these questions circle back to one popular topic – passive fire protection. With its prominent impact on life safety, passive fire protection has overtaken the construction landscape by storm – especially with unprotected openings. Often, we associate unprotected openings within ceiling assemblies, which have been penetrated by recessed can lights, LED downlights, troffer luminaires and/or in-ceiling loudspeakers. However, let’s think smaller. Let’s talk about through-penetration openings in fire-resistance rated assemblies.

Thinking it “Through”ly.

With the surge of technology, new construction infrastructures are home to hundreds of running wires, cables, and pipes running through the wall, ceilings, and walls of these buildings. As a result, when these fire-resistance rated assemblies are penetrated by one of these elements, the assembly is compromised – regardless of how small the magnitude of the opening. Even though these penetrations tend be relatively small, it still creates a pathway for heat, smoke, and flames to rapidly consume the infrastructure of the building. As a response to this life safety hazard, the IBC (International Building Code) regulated that proper firestopping measures are required for through-penetration applications. For a reference, in Section 714.3.1.2 of the 2012 IBC, it states,

“Through penetrations shall be protected by an approved penetration firestop system installed as tested in accordance with ASTM E814 or UL 1479, with a minimum positive pressure differential of 0.01 inch (2.49 Pa) of water and shall have an F rating of not less than the required fire-resistance rating of the wall penetrated.”

Identifying Where Proper Firestopping is Required.

As this building code adapts to the modern construction scene, it is critical to educate construction professionals on where this code will apply. With 100% of US buildings containing at least one wire, cable, or pipe – this requirement is universal. However, here are some common construction practices that will potentially require firestopping solutions for through-penetration openings:

  • Multi-Family
  • Data Storage Facilities
  • Modular
  • Façades
  • Healthcare (Hospitals, Rehabilitation Centers, Medical Centers)
  • Hospitality
  • Commercial
  • Industrial

Tried, Trusted, Tested, Through-Penetration with Tenmat.

With our commitment to protect the lives and property of our current and future communities, Tenmat has designed a full line of firestopping solutions for through-penetration openings. All of Tenmat’s Firestopping Solutions and Materials are accurately assessed and certified at third-party testing laboratories, such as Underwriter Laboratories (UL) and Intertek (ETL). To learn more about Tenmat’s Firestopping Solutions for Through-Penetration Systems, please continue reading below!

FF260 Fire Protection Block

Formulated to protect openings caused by cables, pipes, or mixed penetrations, the FF260 Fire Protection Block is an optimal solution for a majority of through penetration systems. Composed of a rapidly expanding intumescent foam, the FF260 is able to halt the spread of flames, heat, and smoke for up to 120 minutes. To learn more about this solution, please click here!

Key Benefits Include:

  • 120-minute fire protection
  • Easy retroactive installation
  • UL Classified

FF360 Fire Protection Foam

UL-Classified. Properly fire rates membrane penetrations in walls and ceiling assemblies. Designed for irregular, hard-to-access, and large penetrations. Meet the FF360 Fire Protection Foam. Tenmat’s FF360 Fire Protection Foam is the optimal firestopping solution for through-penetration applications, due to its composition flexibility, hassle-free installation and proper testing certification for up to 120 minutes. Interested in learning more about this advanced intumescent product, click here.

Key Benefits Include:

  • 120-minute fire protection
  • Quick Curing Formulation – Offers clean application and strong adhesion.
  • Easy Retroactive Composition – Allows for additional wires, cables, and pipes post-installation.

FF365 Fire Protection Sealant

Trying to properly fire rate a small, irregular penetration opening? At Tenmat, we offer a specialized firestopping solution, designed to fire-rate the most irregular and smallest openings, and composed of the latest in intumescent technology. Tenmat’s FF365 Fire Protection Sealant is a red, one-component, gun-grade, intumescent firestop sealant for use in a variety of UL through-penetration firestopping. In addition to its firestopping abilities, the FF365 can be used in combination with other TENMAT products, such as the FF260 Fire Protection Block. To learn about the true capabilities of this fire-rated solution, please click here.

Key Benefits Include:

    • 120-minute fire protection
    • Easy Application with Conventional Caulking Equipment
    • Adapatibility to fill unprotected openings, regardless of size, shape, and depth.

Take Action.

In the great words of Benjamin Frankin, he stated “A small leak can sink a great ship” – just like how a small, unprotected penetration opening can destroy an entire infrastructure. By properly specifying passive fire protection in through-penetration applications, you are taking the steps to protect our communities from the “scorching” consequences of rapidly evolving fire outbreak. If this article didn’t answer all your questions about passive fire protection for through-penetration systems, please feel free to contact one of our on-site specialists at +1-800-821-3436 or email us at info@tenmatusa.com.

Resolving the “Cavity” between the East and West Coast.

Learn more about the blooming partnership of the US’s leading passive fire protection manufacturer and the Northwest’s top exterior technologies expert.

Exterior Cladding. Aluminum Panels. Rainscreen Systems. Façades. Recently, these terms have become popular in construction conversation, regardless of if you reside in the skyscrapers of Manhattan or the earthy, modern terrain of the Pacific Northwest’s cities. With its strong correlation to energy conservation and recently adopted energy codes, exterior cladding systems have been an attractive choice for construction development in cities, like NYC and Seattle.

But there’s one recurring issue in developing new façade-based structures – finding a fire-rated solution to accommodate stringent building regulations, life safety measures, and the benefits of energy efficiency. One of the most critical life safety hazards of a façade application is the interior cavity, designed to allow ventilation and energy efficiency, acts like an open chimney, in the unfortunate event of a fire. The void allows the fire to spread at an accelerated pace throughout the rest of the building – endangering lives and property. As a result, a variety of fireblocking solutions have been developed to reinforce this life safety hazard – however, when these solutions are implemented, they block off a majority of the cavity which greatly depreciates the level of energy efficiency, air circulation, and water drainage.

So, the question is “When there is no fire, why should the cavity be blocked”? In response, Tenmat has developed a variety of fireblocking solutions, which have been designed to enable the maintenance of an open ventilated cavity, preserve the energy conservation and building science benefits associated with cladding systems, while concurrently serving as a formidable fire barrier in the event of a building fire.

Here at Tenmat, we specialize in the development and manufacturing of intumescent technology – allowing us to meet the demands of construction professionals, based on application, thicknesses, shape, expansion rate and char formation after heat interaction. An intumescent is a material which reacts and expands aggressively when exposed to heat. In addition, this technology is designed to react and expand to fill all the gaps and changes in an opening, and therefore, can maintain a high-performance fire barrier for an extended duration. With this type of technology, it allows the construction application to shape a fireblocking solution to accommodate its demands rather than the opposing. Furthermore, Tenmat has worked closely with ventilated rainscreen professionals and building code officials to develop the optimal intumescent-composed fireblocking solutions for façade application.

Composed with a rigid, high expansion intumescent, Tenmat’s FF102/50 Intumescent Fire Block are used as fire blocks at slab lines, fire blocks around windows and as fire blocks at changes in occupancy (horizontally and/or vertically) and for larger openings, Tenmat’s VFB+ Ventilated Fire Barrier is composed of a high expansion intumescent seal fixed to TENMAT High Density Mineral Wool. Both of these intumescent solutions are designed to maintain the open, ventilated cavity in normal conditions, but will expand to seal off the cavity gap when exposed to heat. Therefore, the FF102/50 Intumescent Fire Block and the VFB+ Rainscreen Fireblock allow construction professionals to receive the full benefits of façade systems, while maintaining the appropriate level of life safety, in the event of a fire.

About Facades Northwest:

Facades Northwest is an architectural product representative, specializing in exterior technologies. Based in the Pacific Northwest, their primary business focus is to assist Architects, General Contractors and Owners in finding the right product and designing an exterior facade for their projects.

Facades Northwest partners with worldwide producers of building systems, leveraging the strength of each producer, for superior building envelope protection. As a part of the work they do, they provide value engineering, competitive alternatives and market leading technologies. Most importantly, they align multiple trades for specialization and time effective construction.

Specialties Include:
  • Phenolic Cladding
  • Rainscreen Façade Fiber Cement
  • Aluminum Panels
  • Weather Resistant Barriers
  • Structural Insulated Sheathing
  • Thermally Broken Subframing
  • Digitally Printed Aluminum Cladding
  • Sintered Stone Cladding
  • Stone Wool Insulation
  • Louvers and Sun Shades